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The Association between Aids Related Stigma and Major Depressive Disorder among HIV-Positive Individuals in Uganda

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  • Dickens Akena
  • Seggane Musisi
  • John Joska
  • Dan J Stein

Abstract

Background: Major depressive disorder in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) is common and may be associated with a number of factors, including AIDS-related stigma, decreased CD4 levels, increased opportunistic infections and sociodemographic variables. The extent to which AIDS-related stigma is associated with major depressive disorder among PLWHA has not been well studied in sub-Saharan Africa. The objective of this study was to examine the associations between major depressive disorder, AIDS-related stigma, immune status, and sociodemographic variables with the aim of making recommendations that can guide clinicians. Methods: We assessed 368 PLWHA for major depressive disorder, as well as for potentially associated factors, including AIDS-related stigma, CD4 levels, presence of opportunistic infections, and sociodemographic variables. Results: The prevalence of major depressive disorder was 17.4%, while 7.9% of the participants had AIDS related stigma. At multivariable analysis, major depressive disorder was significantly associated with AIDS-related stigma [OR = 1.65, CI (1.20–2.26)], a CD4 count of ≥200 [OR 0.52 CI (0.27–0.99)], and being of younger age [0.95, CI (0.92–0.98). Conclusions: Due to the high burden of major depressive disorder, and its association with AIDS related stigma, routine screening of PLWHA for both conditions is recommended. However, more research is required to understand this association.

Suggested Citation

  • Dickens Akena & Seggane Musisi & John Joska & Dan J Stein, 2012. "The Association between Aids Related Stigma and Major Depressive Disorder among HIV-Positive Individuals in Uganda," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 7(11), pages 1-6, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0048671
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048671
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Simbayi, Leickness C. & Kalichman, Seth & Strebel, Anna & Cloete, Allanise & Henda, Nomvo & Mqeketo, Ayanda, 2007. "Internalized stigma, discrimination, and depression among men and women living with HIV/AIDS in Cape Town, South Africa," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 64(9), pages 1823-1831, May.
    2. Cook, J.A. & Grey, D. & Burke, J. & Cohen, M.H. & Gurtman, A.C. & Richardson, J.L. & Wilson, T.E. & Young, M.A. & Hessol, N.A., 2004. "Depressive symptoms and AIDS-related mortality among a multisite cohort of HIV-positive women," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 94(7), pages 1133-1140.
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    1. Chen Zhang & Xiaoming Li & Yu Liu & Shan Qiao & Liying Zhang & Yuejiao Zhou & Zhenzhu Tang & Zhiyong Shen & Yi Chen, 2016. "Stigma against People Living with HIV/AIDS in China: Does the Route of Infection Matter?," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 11(3), pages 1-15, March.
    2. Hisashi Eguchi & Koji Wada & Derek R Smith, 2014. "Sociodemographic Factors and Prejudice toward HIV and Hepatitis B/C Status in a Working-Age Population: Results from a National, Cross-Sectional Study in Japan," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(5), pages 1-7, May.
    3. Charlotte Bernard & François Dabis & Nathalie de Rekeneire, 2017. "Prevalence and factors associated with depression in people living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 12(8), pages 1-22, August.

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