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The impact of digital transformation on European countries: insights from a comparative analysis

Author

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  • Agnieszka Malkowska

    (Cracow University of Economics, Poland)

  • Maria Urbaniec

    (Cracow University of Economics, Poland)

  • Malgorzata Kosala

    (Cracow University of Economics, Poland)

Abstract

Research background: In the era of the digital revolution, the Internet, automation and robotisation, new industrial relations and dynamic interactions among different stakeholders are giving rise to new opportunities and challenges. The changes associated with the enforcement of the “Industry 4.0” concept require adaptation to these developments at different levels of the economy and society in order to support digital transformation. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is to measure and assess the impact of digital transformation on European countries (EU). The comparative analysis of technological development in EU countries includes three dimensions: the digitalisation of society (Society 4.0), the ability of the economy to face the challenges of technological development (Economy 4.0), as well as the exploitation of ICT in companies (Companies 4.0). Methods: The empirical section of the article was built on a two-stage analytical approach: (a) cluster analysis methods to assess differences and similarities between EU countries (Hierarchical Cluster and K-Means Cluster) and (b) the multi-criteria decision-making method (TOPSIS) to rank countries according to the adopted evaluation criteria. For the purposes of this analysis, data from the Eurostat database have been applied. Findings & value added: The results of this analysis demonstrate the impact of technological transformation on the economy and society in EU countries grouped according to a similar level of development, such as countries with high, medium and low performance. This has contributed to indicating the cohesion in technological development achieved by each country group and to recognising the digitalisation gap between EU Member States. The novelty of this study consists in applying the multi-stage, multi-criteria analysis based on cluster analysis and the TOPSIS method, as well as the comparative analysis of the impact of technological developments on the societies and economies of EU countries. This paper extends similar studies by focusing on the application of a broad range of indicators regarding a holistic perspective including three dimensions: societies, economies and companies. The results provide valuable insights into evaluating the technological progress in European countries.

Suggested Citation

  • Agnieszka Malkowska & Maria Urbaniec & Malgorzata Kosala, 2021. "The impact of digital transformation on European countries: insights from a comparative analysis," Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, Institute of Economic Research, vol. 16(2), pages 325-355, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:pes:ierequ:v:16:y:2021:i:2:p:325-355
    DOI: 10.24136/eq.2021.012
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    16. Sergey Demin & Anna Mikhaylova & Svetlana Pyankova, 2023. "Digitalization and its impact on regional economy transformation mechanisms," International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management, Springer;The Society for Reliability, Engineering Quality and Operations Management (SREQOM),India, and Division of Operation and Maintenance, Lulea University of Technology, Sweden, vol. 14(1), pages 377-390, February.
    17. Bochao Zhang & Wanhao Dong & Jin Yao & Xiaolong Cheng, 2023. "Digital Economy, Factor Allocation Efficiency of Dual-Economy and Urban-Rural Income Gap," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-30, September.
    18. Lin Wang & Yugang He & Renhong Wu, 2024. "Digitization Meets Energy Transition: Shaping the Future of Environmental Sustainability," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(4), pages 1-25, February.
    19. Bilan, Yuriy & Oliinyk, Olena & Mishchuk, Halyna & Skare, Marinko, 2023. "Impact of information and communications technology on the development and use of knowledge," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
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    21. Marek Nagy & George Lăzăroiu, 2022. "Computer Vision Algorithms, Remote Sensing Data Fusion Techniques, and Mapping and Navigation Tools in the Industry 4.0-Based Slovak Automotive Sector," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(19), pages 1-22, September.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    digital transformation; technological development; economy 4.0; society 4.0; company 4.0; European countries;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • J21 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure
    • J24 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity
    • E24 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment - - - Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution; Aggregate Human Capital; Aggregate Labor Productivity

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