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Measurement and Alleviation of Poverty: With an Application to the Effects of Macroeconomic Adjustment (Evaluation quantitative de la pauvreté et remèdes possibles: analyse des effets d'un ajustement macroéconomique) (Medición y alivio de la pobreza, con una aplicación a los efectos del ajuste macroeconómico)

Author

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  • S. M. Ravi Kanbur

    (International Monetary Fund)

Abstract

This paper reviews recent developments in the measurement of poverty, analyzes alternative strategies for poverty alleviation, and suggests a methodology for evaluating the impact of macroeconomic adjustment on poverty. The paper begins with the conceptual basis of alternative poverty lines and alternative indices. It then introduces the concept of "crossover time," the time that it would take the average poor person to cross the poverty line if his income grew at the per capita growth rate experienced in the past. For reasonable estimates this crossover time can exceed twenty years, which perhaps explains the concern with redistribution rather than a complete reliance on "trickle-down" effects. Regarding redistribution, the paper considers the question of targeting public expenditure on the poor. If large-scale means testing of individual households is administratively infeasible or too costly, policy must rely on instruments that measure the incomes of broadly defined groups. Although leakage is inevitable, how can it be minimized? The paper develops a methodology to answer this question and derives budgetary rules for poverty alleviation that rely only on information readily available in surveys of household income and expenditure. The paper also analyzes macroeconomic adjustment and poverty. The bottom line for most policies is to switch expenditure toward the traded goods sector and to reduce overall expenditure. The paper derives rules for when such a switch will increase or decrease poverty as well as for deciding which broad categories of income should bear the burden of reduction. Finally, the paper suggests areas for further research, especially through an application of the methodology developed in it to actual case studies. /// Le présent article examine les études quantitatives qui ont été récemment effectuées sur la pauvreté, ainsi que diverses stratégies visant à y remédier; l'auteur propose également une méthode de détermination de l'effet d'un ajustement macroéconomique sur la pauvreté. L'auteur commence par définir différents seuils de pauvreté et indices de pauvreté. Puis, il introduit la notion de "temps de passage", c'est-à -dire le temps nécessaire à un économiquement faible moyen pour quitter le seuil de pauvreté si son revenu augmentait au même rythme que le taux de croissance par habitant enregistré dans le passé. Il ressort d'estimations raisonnables que ce temps de passage peut être supérieur à vingt ans, ce qui explique peut-être l'importance accordée à la redistribution par opposition à un recours unique aux effets de retombée. S'agissant de la redistribution, l'auteur examine la question de l'orientation explicite des dépenses publiques vers les économiquement faibles. S'il est impossible sur le plan pratique, ou trop coûteux, de procéder à une vaste enquête sur les ressources financières des ménages, la politique doit reposer sur des instruments qui mesurent les revenus de groupes définis de manière générale. S'il est impossible de limiter les effets de cette politique aux groupes pour lesquels elle a été conçue, comment minimiser ces fuites? L'étude présente une méthode qui répond à cette question et établit des normes budgétaires destinées à alléger la pauvreté, qui s'appuient uniquement sur des données provenant d'enquêtes sur le revenu et les dépenses des ménages. L'auteur analyse également l'ajustement macroéconomique et la pauvreté. La plupart des politiques consistent, en fin de compte, à réorienter les dépenses vers le secteur des biens échangés et à réduire les dépenses globales. L'étude présente certaines normes permettant de déterminer quand cette réorientation peut provoquer un accroissement ou une diminution de la pauvreté et de décider quelles sont les grandes catégories de revenus qui doivent supporter le fardeau de la réduction. Enfin, l'auteur suggère divers domaines susceptibles d'être d'étudiés de manière plus approfondie, notamment par l'application à des cas spécifiques de la méthode mise au point dans le cadre de la présente étude. /// En este trabajo pasamos revista a la evolución más reciente de la medición de la pobreza, analizando estrategias alternativas para mitigarla y proponiendo una metodología para evaluar los efectos que el ajuste macroeconómico tiene sobre la misma. El artículo empieza presentando el fundamento conceptual de las distintas líneas de pobreza y de los diferentes índices; a continuación aborda el concepto de "período de traspaso", es decir, el tiempo que tardaría la persona pobre media en traspasar la línea de pobreza si sus ingresos aumentaran al ritmo de crecimiento per cápita experimentado en el pasado. Con arreglo a unas estimaciones razonables, dicho período podría superar los veinte años, lo que explica quizá la preocupación por la redistribución, en vez de fiarse por completo de los efectos del "goteo de los beneficios". En lo relativo a la redistribución, el presente trabajo considera la cuestión de volcar el gasto público en los pobres. Si no es factible desde el punto de vista administrativo contrastar a gran escala los medios económicos de cada una de las unidades familiares, o resulta demasiado costoso, la política habrá de apoyarse en instrumentos que midan el ingreso de grupos definidos de forma amplia. Aunque la filtración es inevitable, ¿cómo reducirla al mínimo? Se presenta aquí una metodología para contestar a esa pregunta y que permite formular unas reglas presupuestarias para mitigar la pobreza exclusivamente en la información disponible directamente de las encuestas sobre ingresos y gastos de las unidades familiares. El presente artículo analiza también el ajuste macroeconómico y la pobreza. La finalidad de muchas medidas de política consiste en trasladar el gasto hacia el sector de bienes comerciados y reducir el gasto global. Más adelante se formulan las reglas a aplicar cuando dicha traslación aumente o disminuya la pobreza, así como para decidir qué categorías generales de ingresos habrán de soportar la carga de la reducción. Por último, se proponen algunos temas en los que puede continuarse la investigación, especialmente mediante la aplicación a casos concretos de la metodología aquí formulada.

Suggested Citation

  • S. M. Ravi Kanbur, 1987. "Measurement and Alleviation of Poverty: With an Application to the Effects of Macroeconomic Adjustment (Evaluation quantitative de la pauvreté et remèdes possibles: analyse des effets d'un ajustemen," IMF Staff Papers, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 34(1), pages 60-85, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:pal:imfstp:v:34:y:1987:i:1:p:60-85
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    Cited by:

    1. Bibi, Sami & Duclos, Jean-Yves, 2007. "Equity and policy effectiveness with imperfect targeting," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 83(1), pages 109-140, May.
    2. Morduch, Jonathan, 1998. "Poverty, economic growth, and average exit time," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 59(3), pages 385-390, June.
    3. Christophe Muller, 2007. "Anti-Poverty Transfers without Riots in Tunisia," Working Papers DT/2007/08, DIAL (Développement, Institutions et Mondialisation).
    4. Kanbur, R., 1990. "Poverty and Developement: The Human Development Report and The World Development Report, 1990," Papers 103, Warwick - Development Economics Research Centre.
    5. Grootaert,Christiaan N., 1997. "Poverty and social transfers in Hungary," Policy Research Working Paper Series 1770, The World Bank.
    6. Ravallion Martin, 2010. "Do Poorer Countries Have Less Capacity for Redistribution?," Journal of Globalization and Development, De Gruyter, vol. 1(2), pages 1-31, December.
    7. Stefan Wachter & Sebastian Galiani, 2006. "Optimal income support targeting," International Tax and Public Finance, Springer;International Institute of Public Finance, vol. 13(6), pages 661-684, November.
    8. Douidich, Mohammed & Ezzrari, Abdeljouad & Lanjouw, Peter, 2008. "Simulating the impact of geographic targeting on poverty alleviation in Morocco : what are the gains from disaggregation ?," Policy Research Working Paper Series 4724, The World Bank.
    9. repec:pru:wpaper:21 is not listed on IDEAS
    10. Eszter Siposné Nándori, 2011. "Differences in the Characteristics of Impoverishment Between Northern Hungary and Southern Great Plain," Theory Methodology Practice (TMP), Faculty of Economics, University of Miskolc, vol. 7(01), pages 93-100.
    11. Christophe Muller & Sami Bibi, 2006. "Focused Targeting against Poverty Evidence from Tunisia," IDEP Working Papers 0602, Institut d'economie publique (IDEP), Marseille, France, revised Apr 2006.
    12. SaangJoon Baak, 2001. "Japanese Yen and East-Asia Currencies: Before and After the Asian Financial Crisis," Working Papers EMS_2001_04, Research Institute, International University of Japan.
    13. Datt, Gaurav & Gunewardena, Dileni, 1997. "Some aspects of poverty in Sri Lanka : 1985-90," Policy Research Working Paper Series 1738, The World Bank.
    14. Christophe MULLER & Sami BIBI, 2008. "Focused Transfer Targeting against Poverty Evidence from Tunisia," THEMA Working Papers 2008-37, THEMA (THéorie Economique, Modélisation et Applications), Université de Cergy-Pontoise.
    15. Haroon Bhorat, 2000. "Public expenditure and poverty alleviation: Simulations for South Africa," Development Southern Africa, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 17(5), pages 791-805.
    16. repec:dau:papers:123456789/4334 is not listed on IDEAS

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