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Indoor air surveillance and factors associated with respiratory pathogen detection in community settings in Belgium

Author

Listed:
  • Joren Raymenants

    (KU Leuven
    University Hospitals Leuven)

  • Caspar Geenen

    (KU Leuven)

  • Lore Budts

    (University Hospitals Leuven)

  • Jonathan Thibaut

    (KU Leuven)

  • Marijn Thijssen

    (KU Leuven)

  • Hannelore Mulder

    (KU Leuven)

  • Sarah Gorissen

    (KU Leuven)

  • Bastiaan Craessaerts

    (University Hospitals Leuven)

  • Lies Laenen

    (KU Leuven
    University Hospitals Leuven)

  • Kurt Beuselinck

    (University Hospitals Leuven)

  • Sien Ombelet

    (University Hospitals Leuven)

  • Els Keyaerts

    (University Hospitals Leuven)

  • Emmanuel André

    (KU Leuven
    University Hospitals Leuven)

Abstract

Currently, the real-life impact of indoor climate, human behaviour, ventilation and air filtration on respiratory pathogen detection and concentration are poorly understood. This hinders the interpretability of bioaerosol quantification in indoor air to surveil respiratory pathogens and transmission risk. We tested 341 indoor air samples from 21 community settings in Belgium for 29 respiratory pathogens using qPCR. On average, 3.9 pathogens were positive per sample and 85.3% of samples tested positive for at least one. Pathogen detection and concentration varied significantly by pathogen, month, and age group in generalised linear (mixed) models and generalised estimating equations. High CO2 and low natural ventilation were independent risk factors for detection. The odds ratio for detection was 1.09 (95% CI 1.03–1.15) per 100 parts per million (ppm) increase in CO2, and 0.88 (95% CI 0.80–0.97) per stepwise increase in natural ventilation (on a Likert scale). CO2 concentration and portable air filtration were independently associated with pathogen concentration. Each 100ppm increase in CO2 was associated with a qPCR Ct value decrease of 0.08 (95% CI −0.12 to −0.04), and portable air filtration with a 0.58 (95% CI 0.25–0.91) increase. The effects of occupancy, sampling duration, mask wearing, vocalisation, temperature, humidity and mechanical ventilation were not significant. Our results support the importance of ventilation and air filtration to reduce transmission.

Suggested Citation

  • Joren Raymenants & Caspar Geenen & Lore Budts & Jonathan Thibaut & Marijn Thijssen & Hannelore Mulder & Sarah Gorissen & Bastiaan Craessaerts & Lies Laenen & Kurt Beuselinck & Sien Ombelet & Els Keyae, 2023. "Indoor air surveillance and factors associated with respiratory pathogen detection in community settings in Belgium," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-11, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:natcom:v:14:y:2023:i:1:d:10.1038_s41467-023-36986-z
    DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36986-z
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Halekoh, Ulrich & Højsgaard, Søren, 2014. "A Kenward-Roger Approximation and Parametric Bootstrap Methods for Tests in Linear Mixed Models The R Package pbkrtest," Journal of Statistical Software, Foundation for Open Access Statistics, vol. 59(i09).
    2. Mitchell D. Ramuta & Christina M. Newman & Savannah F. Brakefield & Miranda R. Stauss & Roger W. Wiseman & Amanda Kita-Yarbro & Eli J. O’Connor & Neeti Dahal & Ailam Lim & Keith P. Poulsen & Nasia Saf, 2022. "SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory pathogens are detected in continuous air samples from congregate settings," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-14, December.
    3. Mario Morvan & Anna Lo Jacomo & Celia Souque & Matthew J. Wade & Till Hoffmann & Koen Pouwels & Chris Lilley & Andrew C. Singer & Jonathan Porter & Nicholas P. Evens & David I. Walker & Joshua T. Bunc, 2022. "An analysis of 45 large-scale wastewater sites in England to estimate SARS-CoV-2 community prevalence," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-9, December.
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    Cited by:

    1. Aner Martinez-Soto & Carlos Jimenez-Gallardo & Andrés Villarroel-Lopez & Alejandro Reyes-Riveros & Johanna Höhl, 2024. "Toward Sustainable Indoor Environments: Assessing the Impact of Thermal Insulation Measures on Air Quality in Buildings—A Case Study in Temuco, Chile," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-17, January.

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