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Price and Lead Time Quotation for Contract and Spot Customers

Author

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  • A. Baykal Hafızoğlu

    (School of Computing, Informatics and Decision Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287)

  • Esma S. Gel

    (School of Computing, Informatics and Decision Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287)

  • Pınar Keskinocak

    (School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332)

Abstract

We study price and lead time quotation decisions in a make-to-order system with two customer classes: (1) contract customers whose orders are practically always accepted and fulfilled based on a contract price and lead time agreed on at the beginning of the time horizon, and (2) spot purchasers who arrive over time and are quoted a price and lead time pair dynamically. The objective is to maximize the long-run expected average profit per unit time, where profit from a customer is defined as revenues minus lateness penalties incurred because of lead time violations. We model the dynamic quotation problem of the spot purchasers as an infinite horizon Markov decision process, given a fixed price and lead time for contract customers. We analyze the impact of customer preferences (e.g., price and lead time sensitivity) on the optimal price and lead time decisions for spot purchasers and characterize the optimal policy. We explore the benefits of dynamic quotation compared to the use of fixed price and lead times, and provide recommendations for firms. Finally, we analyze the optimal contract terms given the dynamic quotation strategy for spot purchasers and discuss the profit improvements offered by the optimal mix of spot and contract customers.

Suggested Citation

  • A. Baykal Hafızoğlu & Esma S. Gel & Pınar Keskinocak, 2016. "Price and Lead Time Quotation for Contract and Spot Customers," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 64(2), pages 406-415, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:inm:oropre:v:64:y:2016:i:2:p:406-415
    DOI: 10.1287/opre.2016.1481
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    3. Jalali, Hamed & Carmen, Raïsa & Van Nieuwenhuyse, Inneke & Boute, Robert, 2019. "Quality and pricing decisions in production/inventory systems," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 272(1), pages 195-206.
    4. Myron Benioudakis & Apostolos Burnetas & George Ioannou, 2022. "Single versus dynamic lead-time quotations in make-to-order systems with delay-averse customers," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 318(1), pages 33-65, November.
    5. Liu, Jian & Chen, Jian & Bo, Rui & Meng, Fanlin & Xu, Yong & Li, Peng, 2023. "Increases or discounts: Price strategies based on customers’ patience times," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 305(2), pages 722-737.
    6. Vasiliki Kostami, 2020. "Price and Lead time Disclosure Strategies in Inventory Systems," Production and Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, vol. 29(12), pages 2760-2788, December.
    7. Xu, Xiaoping & Zhang, Mian & He, Ping, 2020. "Coordination of a supply chain with online platform considering delivery time decision," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 141(C).

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