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Shear, Consolidation Characteristics and Carbon Footprint Analysis of Clayey Soil Blended with Calcium Lignosulphonate and Granite Sand for Earthen Dam Application

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  • Bonagiri Varsha

    (Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal 506004, India)

  • Arif Ali Baig Moghal

    (Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal 506004, India)

  • Ateekh Ur Rehman

    (Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia)

  • Bhaskar C. S. Chittoori

    (Department of Civil Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA)

Abstract

Soil is a composite material of great interest to civil engineers. When the quality of such composite soils is poor, ground improvement techniques must be adopted to withstand the design load of superstructure. Existing soil stabilizers include lime and cement; however, their environmental safety and sustainable use during stabilization have been receiving increasing attention in recent years. This study investigated the use of granite sand (GS) and calcium lignosulphonate (CLS) as sustainable stabilizers that could be blended with clayey soils. The considered dosages of GS were 30%, 40% and 50%, and those of the CLS were 0.25%, 0.5%, 1% and 1.5%. Direct shear and consolidation tests were performed on the GS–CLS blended soil samples that were cured for 7 and 14 days. The amended stabilizers improved the shear parameters and consolidation characteristics at an optimum dosage of 30% GS and 0.5% CLS. Maximum improvements of 84% and 163% were observed in the cohesion and angles of internal friction, respectively. A significant change was also observed in the consolidation characteristics, making them practically applicable. The soil hydraulic conductivity was reduced by 14%, and the coefficient of consolidation increased by 203% for 30% GS and 05% CLS. Carbon footprint analyses were performed on the soil composition that would be best-suited for a typical homogenous earthen dam section. The results showed that the use of GS and CLS together reduced the carbon emissions by 6.57 and 7.7 times, compared to traditional stabilizers, such as cement and lime.

Suggested Citation

  • Bonagiri Varsha & Arif Ali Baig Moghal & Ateekh Ur Rehman & Bhaskar C. S. Chittoori, 2023. "Shear, Consolidation Characteristics and Carbon Footprint Analysis of Clayey Soil Blended with Calcium Lignosulphonate and Granite Sand for Earthen Dam Application," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-20, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:7:p:6117-:d:1113820
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Pati, Rupesh Kumar & Vrat, Prem & Kumar, Pradeep, 2008. "A goal programming model for paper recycling system," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 36(3), pages 405-417, June.
    2. Ilhan Chang & Minhyeong Lee & Gye-Chun Cho, 2019. "Global CO 2 Emission-Related Geotechnical Engineering Hazards and the Mission for Sustainable Geotechnical Engineering," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(13), pages 1-21, July.
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    1. Zichen Zhang & Cui Li & Kiyoshi Omine & Jiageng Li & Samuel Oye Flemmy, 2023. "Feasibility Study of Low-Environmental-Load Methods for Treating High-Water-Content Waste Dredged Clay (WDC)—A Case Study of WDC Treatment at Kumamoto Prefecture Ohkirihata Reservoir in Japan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-14, May.

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