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How COVID-19 Affected GHG Emissions of Ferries in Europe

Author

Listed:
  • Gianandrea Mannarini

    (CMCC (Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici), Ocean Predictions and Applications Division, 73100 Lecce, Italy)

  • Mario Leonardo Salinas

    (CMCC (Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici), Ocean Predictions and Applications Division, 73100 Lecce, Italy)

  • Lorenzo Carelli

    (CMCC (Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici), Ocean Predictions and Applications Division, 73100 Lecce, Italy)

  • Alessandro Fassò

    (Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche, University of Bergamo, 24127 Bergamo, Italy)

Abstract

Unprecedented socioeconomic conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic impacted shipping. We combined ferry CO 2 emissions in Europe (from the EU-MRV) with port call data and vessel parameters, and analysed them using mixed-effects linear models with interactions. We found a generalized reduction in unitary emissions in 2020, confirming its causal relation with COVID-19. Furthermore, for larger ferries, additional and COVID-19-related reductions between 14% and 31% occurred, with the larger reductions for those built before 1999. Ferries operating in the Baltic and Mediterranean Seas experienced comparable reductions in their unitary emissions, but in the North Sea per-ship emissions decreased by an additional 18%. Per-ship emissions at berth, while showing increases or decreases depending on ferry type, did not significantly change at the fleet level. We believe that our methodology may help assess the progress of shipping toward decarbonisation in the presence of external shocks.

Suggested Citation

  • Gianandrea Mannarini & Mario Leonardo Salinas & Lorenzo Carelli & Alessandro Fassò, 2022. "How COVID-19 Affected GHG Emissions of Ferries in Europe," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-19, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:9:p:5287-:d:803700
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Joshua D. Angrist & Alan B. Krueger, 2001. "Instrumental Variables and the Search for Identification: From Supply and Demand to Natural Experiments," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 15(4), pages 69-85, Fall.
    2. Sotiria Lagouvardou & Harilaos N. Psaraftis & Thalis Zis, 2020. "A Literature Survey on Market-Based Measures for the Decarbonization of Shipping," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-23, May.
    3. Theo Notteboom & Thanos Pallis & Jean-Paul Rodrigue, 2021. "Disruptions and resilience in global container shipping and ports: the COVID-19 pandemic versus the 2008–2009 financial crisis," Maritime Economics & Logistics, Palgrave Macmillan;International Association of Maritime Economists (IAME), vol. 23(2), pages 179-210, June.
    4. George Panagakos & Thiago de Sousa Pessôa & Nick Dessypris & Michael Bruhn Barfod & Harilaos N. Psaraftis, 2019. "Monitoring the Carbon Footprint of Dry Bulk Shipping in the EU: An Early Assessment of the MRV Regulation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(18), pages 1-19, September.
    5. Gao Tianming & Vasilii Erokhin & Aleksandr Arskiy & Mikail Khudzhatov, 2021. "Has the COVID-19 Pandemic Affected Maritime Connectivity? An Estimation for China and the Polar Silk Road Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-39, March.
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    7. Joshua Angrist & Alan Krueger, 2001. "Instrumental Variables and the Search for Identification: From Supply and Demand to Natural Experiments," Working Papers 834, Princeton University, Department of Economics, Industrial Relations Section..
    8. Leonardo M. Millefiori & Paolo Braca & Dimitris Zissis & Giannis Spiliopoulos & Stefano Marano & Peter K. Willett & Sandro Carniel, 2020. "COVID-19 Impact on Global Maritime Mobility," Papers 2009.06960, arXiv.org, revised Mar 2021.
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    Cited by:

    1. Moslem Ansarinasab & Sayed Saghaian, 2023. "The Relationship between Environmental Quality, Sustainable Health, and the Coronavirus Pandemic in European Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-15, July.

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    Keywords

    EU-MRV; mixed-effects; lockdown;
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