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Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Tourism in European Countries: Cluster Analysis Findings

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  • Michał Roman

    (Institute of Economics and Finance, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, ul. Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland)

  • Monika Roman

    (Institute of Economics and Finance, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, ul. Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland)

  • Emilia Grzegorzewska

    (Institute of Wood Sciences and Furniture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, ul. Nowoursynowska 159, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland)

  • Piotr Pietrzak

    (Management Institute, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, ul. Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland)

  • Kamil Roman

    (Institute of Wood Sciences and Furniture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, ul. Nowoursynowska 159, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland)

Abstract

This article aims to give an overview of tourism at the time of the global crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. In order to assess the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on European countries, the Systemic Literature Review (SLR) as well as Our World in Data (2021) and EUROSTAT (2021) secondary data were used. In order to group countries with respect to changes taking place in tourism, Ward’s cluster analysis was applied. After verifying the available data, 31 European countries were eventually selected for the analysis. The application of Ward’s method led to four groups of countries being created that are most similar in terms of changes in the tourism sector between 2019 and 2020. The first cluster comprised eight countries with the highest average rate of restrictiveness. On the other hand, this group recorded the lowest rate of changes concerning arrivals by air transport, which was on average 70.32%. The second group comprised 13 countries. In this cluster, the average change in the number of overnight stays and arrivals at tourist resorts was the lowest in comparison with other clusters. The third cluster comprised four countries where the change in arrivals by air transport was the highest, with an average decrease of 81.76%. The fourth group comprised six countries. The average change in the occupancy of hotel rooms and similar overnight accommodation facilities, as well as arrivals at tourist resorts, was the highest in comparison with other clusters. In addition, the countries were characterized by a relatively high decrease in the number of arrivals by air transport, but a relatively low average rate of restrictiveness.

Suggested Citation

  • Michał Roman & Monika Roman & Emilia Grzegorzewska & Piotr Pietrzak & Kamil Roman, 2022. "Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Tourism in European Countries: Cluster Analysis Findings," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-17, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:3:p:1602-:d:738194
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Ritchie, Brent W. & Jiang, Yawei, 2019. "A review of research on tourism risk, crisis and disaster management: Launching the annals of tourism research curated collection on tourism risk, crisis and disaster management," Annals of Tourism Research, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    2. Qiu, Richard T.R. & Park, Jinah & Li, ShiNa & Song, Haiyan, 2020. "Social costs of tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic," Annals of Tourism Research, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
    3. Editorial, 2020. "Covid-19 and Climate Change," Journal, Review of Agrarian Studies, vol. 10(1), pages 5-6, January-J.
    4. Chia-Lin Chang & Michael McAleer & Vicente Ramos, 2020. "A Charter for Sustainable Tourism after COVID-19," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-4, May.
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    1. Michał Roman & Josef Abrham & Arkadiusz Niedziółka & Ewa Szczucka & Lubos Smutka & Piotr Prus, 2022. "Tourist Attractiveness of Rural Areas as a Determinant of the Implementation of Social Tourism of Disadvantaged Groups: Evidence from Poland and the Czech Republic," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-26, May.
    2. Fandi Achmad & Yudha Prambudia & Augustina Asih Rumanti, 2023. "Improving Tourism Industry Performance through Support System Facilities and Stakeholders: The Role of Environmental Dynamism," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-24, February.
    3. Beata Bieszk-Stolorz & Krzysztof Dmytrów, 2022. "Assessment of the Similarity of the Situation in the EU Labour Markets and Their Changes in the Face of the COVID-19 Pandemic," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-20, March.
    4. Marcus Roller, 2022. "Pre-Crisis Determinants of Tourism Resilience," Diskussionsschriften credresearchpaper39, Universitaet Bern, Departement Volkswirtschaft - CRED.

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