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Slow-Paced Breathing: Influence of Inhalation/Exhalation Ratio and of Respiratory Pauses on Cardiac Vagal Activity

Author

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  • Sylvain Laborde

    (Department of Performance Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne 50933, Germany
    UFR STAPS, EA 4260 CESAMS, Normandie Université, 14000 Caen, France)

  • Maša Iskra

    (Department of Performance Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne 50933, Germany)

  • Nina Zammit

    (Department of Performance Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne 50933, Germany)

  • Uirassu Borges

    (Department of Performance Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne 50933, Germany
    Department of Health & Social Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany)

  • Min You

    (UFR Psychologie, EA3918 CERREV, Normandie Université, 14000 Caen, France)

  • Caroline Sevoz-Couche

    (INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) S1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Sorbonne Université, 75000 Paris, France)

  • Fabrice Dosseville

    (UMR-S 1075 COMETE, Normandie Université, 14000 Caen, France
    INSERM, UMR-S 1075 COMETE, 14000 Caen, France)

Abstract

Slow-paced breathing has been shown to enhance the self-regulation abilities of athletes via its influence on cardiac vagal activity. However, the role of certain respiratory parameters (i.e., inhalation/exhalation ratio and presence of a respiratory pause between respiratory phases) still needs to be clarified. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the influence of these respiratory parameters on the effects of slow-paced breathing on cardiac vagal activity. A total of 64 athletes (27 female; M age = 22, age range = 18–30 years old) participated in a within-subject experimental design. Participants performed six breathing conditions within one session, with a 5 min washout period between each condition. Each condition lasted 5 min, with 30 respiratory cycles, and each respiratory cycle lasted 10 s (six cycles per minute), with inhalation/exhalation ratios of 0.8, 1.0, 1.2; and with or without respiratory pauses (0.4 s) between respiratory phases. Results indicated that the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), a marker of cardiac vagal activity, was higher when exhalation was longer than inhalation. The presence of a brief (0.4 s) post-inhalation and post-exhalation respiratory pause did not further influence RMSSD. Athletes practicing slow-paced breathing are recommended to use an inhalation/exhalation ratio in which the exhalation phase is longer than the inhalation phase.

Suggested Citation

  • Sylvain Laborde & Maša Iskra & Nina Zammit & Uirassu Borges & Min You & Caroline Sevoz-Couche & Fabrice Dosseville, 2021. "Slow-Paced Breathing: Influence of Inhalation/Exhalation Ratio and of Respiratory Pauses on Cardiac Vagal Activity," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(14), pages 1, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:14:p:7775-:d:592843
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Uirassu Borges & Sylvain Laborde & Markus Raab, 2019. "Influence of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on cardiac vagal activity: Not different from sham stimulation and no effect of stimulation intensity," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 14(10), pages 1-23, October.
    2. Paul T E Cusack, 2020. "On Pain," Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research, Biomedical Research Network+, LLC, vol. 31(3), pages 24253-24254, October.
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    Cited by:

    1. Min You & Sylvain Laborde & Nina Zammit & Maša Iskra & Uirassu Borges & Fabrice Dosseville, 2021. "Single Slow-Paced Breathing Session at Six Cycles per Minute: Investigation of Dose-Response Relationship on Cardiac Vagal Activity," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(23), pages 1-11, November.
    2. Roberto De Fazio & Massimo De Vittorio & Paolo Visconti, 2022. "A BLE-Connected Piezoresistive and Inertial Chest Band for Remote Monitoring of the Respiratory Activity by an Android Application: Hardware Design and Software Optimization," Future Internet, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-27, June.
    3. Min You & Sylvain Laborde & Uirassu Borges & Robert Samuel Vaughan & Fabrice Dosseville, 2021. "Cognitive Failures: Relationship with Perceived Emotions, Stress, and Resting Vagally-Mediated Heart Rate Variability," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(24), pages 1-11, December.

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