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Factors Affecting Wetland Loss: A Review

Author

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  • Gastón Antonio Ballut-Dajud

    (Wetlands and Environmental Sustainability Laboratory, Division of Graduate Studies and Research, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Misantla, Km 1.8 Carretera a Loma del Cojolite, Misantla 93821, Veracruz, Mexico
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Luis Carlos Sandoval Herazo

    (Wetlands and Environmental Sustainability Laboratory, Division of Graduate Studies and Research, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Misantla, Km 1.8 Carretera a Loma del Cojolite, Misantla 93821, Veracruz, Mexico
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Gregorio Fernández-Lambert

    (Wetlands and Environmental Sustainability Laboratory, Division of Graduate Studies and Research, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Misantla, Km 1.8 Carretera a Loma del Cojolite, Misantla 93821, Veracruz, Mexico)

  • José Luis Marín-Muñiz

    (Academy of Sustainable Regional Development, El Colegio de Veracruz, Xalapa 91000, Veracruz, Mexico)

  • María Cristina López Méndez

    (Wetlands and Environmental Sustainability Laboratory, Division of Graduate Studies and Research, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Misantla, Km 1.8 Carretera a Loma del Cojolite, Misantla 93821, Veracruz, Mexico)

  • Erick Arturo Betanzo-Torres

    (Wetlands and Environmental Sustainability Laboratory, Division of Graduate Studies and Research, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Misantla, Km 1.8 Carretera a Loma del Cojolite, Misantla 93821, Veracruz, Mexico
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

Abstract

Despite occupying an area no greater than 8% of the earth’s surface, natural wetland ecosystems fulfill multiple ecological functions: 1. Soil formation and stabilization support, 2. Food, water, and plant biomass supply, 3. Cultural/recreational services, landscape, and ecological tourism, 4. Climate regulation, and 5. Carbon sequestration; with the last one being its most important function. They are subject to direct and indirect incident factors that affect plant productivity and the sequestration of carbon from the soil. Thus, the objective of this review was to identify the incident factors in the loss of area and carbon sequestration in marine, coastal, and continental wetlands that have had an impact on climate change in the last 14 years, globally. The methodology consisted of conducting a literature review in international databases, analyzing a sample of 134 research studies from 37 countries, organized in tables and figures supported by descriptive statistics and content analysis. Global results indicate that agriculture (25%), urbanization (16.8%), aquaculture (10.7%), and industry (7.6%) are incident factors that promote wetlands effective loss affecting continental wetlands more than coastal and marine ones. Regarding carbon sequestration, this is reduced by vegetation loss since GHG emissions raise because the soil is exposed to sun rays, increasing surface temperature and oxidation, and raising organic matter decomposition and the eutrophication phenomenon caused by the previous incident factors that generate wastewater rich in nutrients in their different activities, thus creating biomass and plant growth imbalances, either at the foliage or root levels and altering the accumulation of organic matter and carbon. It is possible to affirm in conclusion that the most affected types of wetlands are: mangroves (25.7%), lagoons (19.11%), and marine waters (11.7%). Furthermore, it was identified that agriculture has a greater incidence in the loss of wetlands, followed by urbanization and industry in a lower percentage.

Suggested Citation

  • Gastón Antonio Ballut-Dajud & Luis Carlos Sandoval Herazo & Gregorio Fernández-Lambert & José Luis Marín-Muñiz & María Cristina López Méndez & Erick Arturo Betanzo-Torres, 2022. "Factors Affecting Wetland Loss: A Review," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-43, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:11:y:2022:i:3:p:434-:d:773355
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Andrea Ghermandi & John Agard & Paulo A. L. D. Nunes, 2018. "Applying Geographic Information Systems to ecosystem services valuation and mapping in Trinidad and Tobago," Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences, Springer, vol. 11(3), pages 289-306, October.
    2. Lin, Wenpeng & Xu, Dan & Guo, Pupu & Wang, Dan & Li, Lubing & Gao, Jun, 2019. "Exploring variations of ecosystem service value in Hangzhou Bay Wetland, Eastern China," Ecosystem Services, Elsevier, vol. 37(C), pages 1-1.
    3. Raúl Delgado & Huáscar Eguino & Aloisio Lopes, 2021. "Fiscal Policy and Climate Change," Post-Print halshs-03371797, HAL.
    4. Gallant, Kirsten & Withey, Patrick & Risk, Dave & van Kooten, G. Cornelis & Spafford, Lynsay, 2020. "Measurement and economic valuation of carbon sequestration in Nova Scotian wetlands," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 171(C).
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    Cited by:

    1. Rajat K. Chakraborti & James S. Bays, 2023. "Constructed Wetlands Using Treated Membrane Concentrate for Coastal Wetland Restoration and the Renewal of Multiple Ecosystem Services," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(4), pages 1-22, April.
    2. Yiyi Sulaeman & Eni Maftu’ah & Mukhlis Mukhlis & Khairil Anwar & Vicca Karolinoerita & Nur Wakhid & Muhammad Saleh & Izhar Khairullah & Mala Agustiani & Agus Wahyana Anggara & Priatna Sasmita & Indras, 2022. "Tidal Rice Yield Assessment in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, under Different Cultural Practices," Resources, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-17, December.
    3. Achmad Syamsu Hidayat & Ismi Rajiani & Deasy Arisanty, 2022. "Sustainability of Floodplain Wetland Fisheries of Rural Indonesia: Does Culture Enhance Livelihood Resilience?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-17, November.

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