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Business Improvement Districts: A Systematic Review of an Urban Governance Model towards City Center Revitalization

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  • Pedro Guimarães

    (Center for Geographical Studies, Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-276 Lisboa, Portugal)

Abstract

For some time, business improvement districts (BIDs) have entered into the discourse and practice of academics and urban planners. This model for town centre revitalization was created in North America, whose success has led to its transfer to a growing number of countries. This evolution highlights the importance of BIDs as an urban planning practice, as well as an object of study for academics interested in new models for intervening in central urban areas. BIDs are public–private partnerships, framed within an entrepreneurial logic of urban management that aims to increase the cities’ competitiveness. In this article, we aim to unfold the main research subjects of the literature focused on BIDs. We develop a systematic review for said endeavor, resorting to the established PRISMA protocol. After the screening and analysis of selected articles, four main research subjects were documented: (i) urban governance; (ii) urban policies: mobility and transfer; (iii) activities/axis of intervention; and (iv) types of BIDs/places of intervention. The selected literature enhances the contradictory nature of BIDs, ranging from the economic revitalization of city centres to the occasional exclusionary stance, in which it is developed. Our analysis also points to the important role of different actors in all stages of the policy transfer and implementation.

Suggested Citation

  • Pedro Guimarães, 2021. "Business Improvement Districts: A Systematic Review of an Urban Governance Model towards City Center Revitalization," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-24, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:10:y:2021:i:9:p:922-:d:627095
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Meltzer, Rachel, 2012. "Understanding Business Improvement District formation: An analysis of neighborhoods and boundaries," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 71(1), pages 66-78.
    2. David Moher & Alessandro Liberati & Jennifer Tetzlaff & Douglas G Altman & The PRISMA Group, 2009. "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement," PLOS Medicine, Public Library of Science, vol. 6(7), pages 1-6, July.
    3. Brooks, Leah & Strange, William C., 2011. "The micro-empirics of collective action: The case of business improvement districts," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 95(11), pages 1358-1372.
    4. Bakry Elmedni & Nicole Christian & Crystal Stone, 2018. "Business improvement districts (BIDs): An economic development policy or a tool for gentrification," Cogent Business & Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 5(1), pages 1502241-150, January.
    5. Leigh Sparks, 2021. "Towns, High Streets and Resilience in Scotland: A Question for Policy?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-14, May.
    6. Martin Heidenreich & Beatriz Plaza, 2015. "Renewal through Culture? The Role of Museums in the Renewal of Industrial Regions in Europe," European Planning Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 23(8), pages 1441-1455, August.
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