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Sex Difference and Benzene Exposure: Does It Matter?

Author

Listed:
  • Diana Poli

    (INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy)

  • Paola Mozzoni

    (Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
    Centre for Research in Toxicology (CERT), University of Parma, Via A. Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy)

  • Silvana Pinelli

    (Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy)

  • Delia Cavallo

    (INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy)

  • Bruno Papaleo

    (INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy)

  • Lidia Caporossi

    (INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy)

Abstract

Sex-related biological differences might lead to different effects in women and men when they are exposed to risk factors. A scoping review was carried out to understand if sex could be a discriminant in health outcomes due to benzene. Studies on both animals and humans were collected. In vivo surveys, focusing on genotoxicity, hematotoxicity and effects on metabolism suggested a higher involvement of male animals (mice or rats) in adverse health effects. Conversely, the studies on humans, focused on the alteration of blood parameters, myeloid leukemia incidence and biomarker rates, highlighted that, overall, women had significantly higher risk for blood system effects and a metabolization of benzene 23–26% higher than men, considering a similar exposure situation. This opposite trend highlights that the extrapolation of in vivo findings to human risk assessment should be taken with caution. However, it is clear that sex is a physiological parameter to consider in benzene exposure and its health effects. The topic of sex difference linked to benzene in human exposure needs further research, with more numerous samples, to obtain a higher strength of data and more indicative findings. Sex factor, and gender, could have significant impacts on occupational exposures and their health effects, even if there are still uncertainties and gaps that need to be filled.

Suggested Citation

  • Diana Poli & Paola Mozzoni & Silvana Pinelli & Delia Cavallo & Bruno Papaleo & Lidia Caporossi, 2022. "Sex Difference and Benzene Exposure: Does It Matter?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(4), pages 1-17, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:4:p:2339-:d:752336
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Elizabeth A. Brown & Michael L. Shelley & Jeffrey W. Fisher, 1998. "A Pharmacokinetic Study of Occupational and Environmental Benzene Exposure with Regard to Gender," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 18(2), pages 205-213, April.
    2. Tor H. Oiamo & Isaac N. Luginaah, 2013. "Extricating Sex and Gender in Air Pollution Research: A Community-Based Study on Cardinal Symptoms of Exposure," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-17, August.
    3. Alison M. Kim & Candace M. Tingen & Teresa K. Woodruff, 2010. "Sex bias in trials and treatment must end," Nature, Nature, vol. 465(7299), pages 688-689, June.
    4. Yun Hwa Shim & Jung Won Ock & Yoon-Ji Kim & Youngki Kim & Se Yeong Kim & Dongmug Kang, 2019. "Association between Heavy Metals, Bisphenol A, Volatile Organic Compounds and Phthalates and Metabolic Syndrome," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-12, February.
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    Cited by:

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    2. Benjamin Atta Owusu & Apiradee Lim & Nitinun Pongsiri & Chanthip Intawong & Sunthorn Rheanpumikankit & Saijit Suksri & Thammasin Ingviya, 2023. "Latent Trajectories of Haematological, Hepatic, and Renal Profiles after Oil Spill Exposure: A Longitudinal Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(4), pages 1-14, February.
    3. Valérie Lederer & Karen Messing & Hélène Sultan-Taïeb, 2022. "How Can Quantitative Analysis Be Used to Improve Occupational Health without Reinforcing Social Inequalities? An Examination of Statistical Methods," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(1), pages 1-19, December.
    4. Manuela Chiavarini & Patrizia Rosignoli & Beatrice Sorbara & Irene Giacchetta & Roberto Fabiani, 2024. "Benzene Exposure and Lung Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Human Studies," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(2), pages 1-19, February.

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