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Non-Modifiable Risk Factors for Stress Fractures in Military Personnel Undergoing Training: A Systematic Review

Author

Listed:
  • Grace M. Lennox

    (Doctor of Physiotherapy Program, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD 4226, Australia)

  • Patrick M. Wood

    (Doctor of Physiotherapy Program, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD 4226, Australia)

  • Ben Schram

    (Doctor of Physiotherapy Program, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD 4226, Australia
    Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD 4226, Australia)

  • Elisa F. D. Canetti

    (Doctor of Physiotherapy Program, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD 4226, Australia
    Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD 4226, Australia)

  • Vini Simas

    (Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD 4226, Australia)

  • Rodney Pope

    (Doctor of Physiotherapy Program, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD 4226, Australia
    Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD 4226, Australia
    School of Community Health, Charles Sturt University, Albury-Wodonga, NSW 2640, Australia)

  • Robin Orr

    (Doctor of Physiotherapy Program, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD 4226, Australia
    Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD 4226, Australia)

Abstract

A fracture, being an acquired rupture or break of the bone, is a significant and debilitating injury commonly seen among athletes and military personnel. Stress fractures, which have a repetitive stress aetiology, are highly prevalent among military populations, especially those undergoing training. The primary aim of this review is to identify non-modifiable risk factors for stress fractures in military personnel undergoing training. A systematic search was conducted of three major databases to identify studies that explored risk factors for stress fractures in military trainees. Critical appraisal, data extraction, and a narrative synthesis were conducted. Sixteen articles met the eligibility criteria for the study. Key non-modifiable risk factors identified were prior stress fracture and menstrual dysfunction, while advancing age and race other than black race may be a risk factor. To reduce the incidence of stress fractures in military trainees, mitigating modifiable risk factors among individuals with non-modifiable risk factors (e.g., optimising conditioning for older trainees) or better accommodating non-modifiable factors (for example, extending training periods and reducing intensity to facilitate recovery and adaptation) are suggested, with focus on groups at increased risk identified in this review.

Suggested Citation

  • Grace M. Lennox & Patrick M. Wood & Ben Schram & Elisa F. D. Canetti & Vini Simas & Rodney Pope & Robin Orr, 2021. "Non-Modifiable Risk Factors for Stress Fractures in Military Personnel Undergoing Training: A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(1), pages 1-21, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2021:i:1:p:422-:d:715312
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. David Moher & Alessandro Liberati & Jennifer Tetzlaff & Douglas G Altman & The PRISMA Group, 2009. "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement," PLOS Medicine, Public Library of Science, vol. 6(7), pages 1-6, July.
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