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Development and Initial Validation of the PILCAST Questionnaire: Understanding Parents’ Intentions to Let Their Child Cycle or Walk to School

Author

Listed:
  • Hanna Forsberg

    (Department of Health, Education and Technology, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden)

  • Anna-Karin Lindqvist

    (Department of Health, Education and Technology, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden)

  • Sonja Forward

    (Swedish Road and Transport Research Institute, VTI, 581 95 Linköping, Sweden)

  • Lars Nyberg

    (Department of Health, Education and Technology, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden)

  • Stina Rutberg

    (Department of Health, Education and Technology, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden)

Abstract

Children generally do not meet the recommendation of 60 min of daily physical activity (PA); therefore, active school transportation (AST) is an opportunity to increase PA. To promote AST, the involvement of parents seems essential. Using the theory of planned behavior (TPB), the aim was to develop and validate the PILCAST questionnaire to understand parents’ intentions to let their child cycle or walk to school. Cross-sectional sampling was performed, where 1024 responses were collected from parents. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated acceptable fit indices for the factorial structure according to the TPB, comprising 32 items grouped in 11 latent constructs. All constructs showed satisfying reliability. The regression analysis showed that the TPB explained 55.3% of parents’ intentions to let the child cycle to school and 20.6% regarding walking, increasing by a further 18.3% and 16.6%, respectively, when past behavior was added. The most influential factors regarding cycling were facilitating perceived behavioral control, positive attitudes, subjective and descriptive norms, and for walking, subjective and descriptive norms. The PILCAST questionnaire contributes to a better understanding of the psychological antecedents involving parents’ decisions to let their child cycle or walk to school, and may therefore provide guidance when designing, implementing and evaluating interventions aiming to promote AST.

Suggested Citation

  • Hanna Forsberg & Anna-Karin Lindqvist & Sonja Forward & Lars Nyberg & Stina Rutberg, 2021. "Development and Initial Validation of the PILCAST Questionnaire: Understanding Parents’ Intentions to Let Their Child Cycle or Walk to School," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(21), pages 1-17, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:21:p:11651-:d:673437
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Ajzen, Icek, 1991. "The theory of planned behavior," Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Elsevier, vol. 50(2), pages 179-211, December.
    2. Zuniga, Kelly Draper, 2012. "From barrier elimination to barrier negotiation: A qualitative study of parents' attitudes about active travel for elementary school trips," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 20(C), pages 75-81.
    3. Sonja E. Forward, 2019. "Views on Public Transport and How Personal Experiences Can Contribute to a More Positive Attitude and Behavioural Change," Social Sciences, MDPI, vol. 8(2), pages 1-23, February.
    4. Silvia A. González & Salomé Aubert & Joel D. Barnes & Richard Larouche & Mark S. Tremblay, 2020. "Profiles of Active Transportation among Children and Adolescents in the Global Matrix 3.0 Initiative: A 49-Country Comparison," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-29, August.
    5. Eva Savolainen & Stina Rutberg & Ylva Backman & Anna-Karin Lindqvist, 2020. "Long-Term Perspectives of a School-Based Intervention to Promote Active School Transportation," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(14), pages 1-13, July.
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    1. Mukhlis Nahriri Bastam & Muhamad Razuhanafi Mat Yazid & Muhamad Nazri Borhan, 2022. "An Active School Transport Instrument to Measure Parental Intentions: The Case of Indonesia," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(20), pages 1-17, October.
    2. Rūtenis Jančius & Algirdas Gavenauskas, 2022. "The Influence of Values and Social Environment on Parents’ Environmental Attitudes: Lithuanian Case Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-23, October.
    3. Andrew F. Clark & Melissa Thomas & Adrian Buttazzoni & Matthew Adams & Stephanie E. Coen & Jamie Seabrook & Danielle Tobin & Trish Tucker & Jason Gilliland, 2023. "Validating the Perceived Active School Travel Enablers and Barriers–Parent (PASTEB–P) Questionnaire to Support Intervention Programming and Research," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(10), pages 1-23, May.

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