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Shallow Groundwater Quality and Its Controlling Factors in the Su-Xi-Chang Region, Eastern China

Author

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  • Jianwei Bu

    (Technology Innovation Center of Geo-Environmental Restoration, Ministry of Natural Resources, No. 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China
    School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, No. 68 Jincheng Street, Wuhan 430078, China)

  • Ziyong Sun

    (Technology Innovation Center of Geo-Environmental Restoration, Ministry of Natural Resources, No. 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China
    School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, No. 68 Jincheng Street, Wuhan 430078, China)

  • Rui Ma

    (Technology Innovation Center of Geo-Environmental Restoration, Ministry of Natural Resources, No. 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China
    School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, No. 68 Jincheng Street, Wuhan 430078, China)

  • Yunde Liu

    (School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, No. 68 Jincheng Street, Wuhan 430078, China)

  • Xulong Gong

    (Key Laboratory of Earth Fissures Geological Disaster, Ministry of Natural Resources, No. 700 Zhujiang Road, Nanjing 210018, China)

  • Zhao Pan

    (School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, No. 68 Jincheng Street, Wuhan 430078, China)

  • Wenhao Wei

    (Geological Survey, China University of Geosciences, No. 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China)

Abstract

Understanding factors influencing groundwater quality is critical to the development of best management practices at the large watershed scale. In this study, the shallow groundwater (10–20 m depth) in the Su-Xi-Chang region, eastern China, was investigated as part of a monitoring program from 2007 to 2008 to analyze the regional groundwater quality as well as the hydrogeochemical processes and their controlling factors. Conventional physicochemical water parameters (pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, total phosphorus), major cations (Na + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and NH 4 + ) and anions (Cl − , NO 3 − and SO 4 2− ) were measured. Hydrochemical methods and multivariate statistical methods were applied to analyze the hydrogeochemical signatures, origins, the similarities among the variables and to identify the main pollution sources in the groundwater. The results showed that (1) the concentrations of TDS (224.89–1086.70 mg/L) and turbidity (0.1–18.60 NTU) were higher than the class II groundwater quality standards in China and the WHO drinking water standards, (2) there were extremely high concentrations of ammonia (0.01–32.90 mg/L), with a mean value of 0.72 mg/L and (3) the nitrate concentrations (average value of 22.07 mg/L) exceeded the class III groundwater quality standards. The study also provided evidence that weathering, dissolution of carbonate, halite and silicate and cation exchange were the possible primary hydrogeochemical control mechanisms in the groundwater. The sources of ammonia, total phosphorus, sulfates and nitrates included rock–water interactions and anthropogenic activities. The groundwater administration of pollution sinks and sources, long-term legal frameworks and economic incentives should be improved to optimize watershed scale management in the context of rapid development in China.

Suggested Citation

  • Jianwei Bu & Ziyong Sun & Rui Ma & Yunde Liu & Xulong Gong & Zhao Pan & Wenhao Wei, 2020. "Shallow Groundwater Quality and Its Controlling Factors in the Su-Xi-Chang Region, Eastern China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(4), pages 1-18, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:4:p:1267-:d:321338
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Gao, Xiaoyu & Bai, Yining & Huo, Zailin & Xu, Xu & Huang, Guanhua & Xia, Yuhong & Steenhuis, Tammo S., 2017. "Deficit irrigation enhances contribution of shallow groundwater to crop water consumption in arid area," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 185(C), pages 116-125.
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    3. Jianwei Bu & Ziyong Sun & Aiguo Zhou & Youning Xu & Rui Ma & Wenhao Wei & Meng Liu, 2016. "Heavy Metals in Surface Soils in the Upper Reaches of the Heihe River, Northeastern Tibetan Plateau, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-19, February.
    4. Xiaosi Su & Huang Wang & Yuling Zhang, 2013. "Health Risk Assessment of Nitrate Contamination in Groundwater: A Case Study of an Agricultural Area in Northeast China," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 27(8), pages 3025-3034, June.
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    Cited by:

    1. Jianwei Bu & Wei Liu & Zhao Pan & Kang Ling, 2020. "Comparative Study of Hydrochemical Classification Based on Different Hierarchical Cluster Analysis Methods," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(24), pages 1-23, December.

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