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Affiliate Stigma and Related Factors in Family Caregivers of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Author

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  • Chih-Cheng Chang

    (Department of Psychiatry, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 70246, Taiwan
    Department of Health Psychology, College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 71101, Taiwan
    Chih-Cheng Chang and Yu-Min Chen contributed equally to this work.)

  • Yu-Min Chen

    (Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
    Chih-Cheng Chang and Yu-Min Chen contributed equally to this work.)

  • Tai-Ling Liu

    (Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
    Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan)

  • Ray C. Hsiao

    (Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-6560, USA
    Department of Psychiatry, Children’s Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98105, USA)

  • Wen-Jiun Chou

    (College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
    Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical Center, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan)

  • Cheng-Fang Yen

    (Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
    Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan)

Abstract

This cross-sectional questionnaire study examined factors related to affiliate stigma among caregivers of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the association of affiliate stigma with caregivers’ unfavorable attitude toward ADHD and moderators. The affiliate stigma of 400 caregivers of children with ADHD was assessed using the Affiliate Stigma Scale. Caregivers’ and children’s factors related to affiliate stigma were examined using multiple regression analysis. Associations of affiliate stigma with caregivers’ unfavorable attitudes toward children’s diagnoses, pharmacotherapy, behavioral therapy, and biological explanations of the etiologies of ADHD were examined using logistic regression analysis. Female caregivers and those caring for girls with ADHD had higher levels of affiliate stigma than did male caregivers and those caring for boys. Higher education levels in caregivers and more severe inattention symptoms in children were associated with higher levels of affiliate stigma. A higher level of affiliate stigma was also significantly associated with unfavorable attitudes toward children’s diagnoses, pharmacotherapy and behavioral therapy, and etiological explanations for ADHD. Multiple factors of caregivers and children were related to affiliate stigma in caregivers of children with ADHD. Affiliate stigma is significantly associated with caregivers’ unfavorable attitude toward ADHD.

Suggested Citation

  • Chih-Cheng Chang & Yu-Min Chen & Tai-Ling Liu & Ray C. Hsiao & Wen-Jiun Chou & Cheng-Fang Yen, 2020. "Affiliate Stigma and Related Factors in Family Caregivers of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(2), pages 1-14, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:2:p:576-:d:309376
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Song, Jieun & Mailick, Marsha R. & Greenberg, Jan S., 2018. "Health of parents of individuals with developmental disorders or mental health problems: Impacts of stigma," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 217(C), pages 152-158.
    2. Regina Bussing & Johanna Meyer & Bonnie T. Zima & Dana M. Mason & Faye A. Gary & Cynthia Wilson Garvan, 2015. "Childhood ADHD Symptoms: Association with Parental Social Networks and Mental Health Service Use during Adolescence," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-17, September.
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    Cited by:

    1. Chung-Ying Lin & Hector W. H. Tsang, 2020. "Stigma, Health and Well-Being," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(20), pages 1-12, October.
    2. Chih-Cheng Chang & Yu-Min Chen & Ray C. Hsiao & Wen-Jiun Chou & Cheng-Fang Yen, 2021. "Affiliate Stigma in Caregivers of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: The Roles of Stress-Coping Orientations and Parental Child-Rearing Styles," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(17), pages 1-11, August.
    3. Pei-Yun Lin & Wen-Jiun Chou & Ray C. Hsiao & Tai-Ling Liu & Cheng-Fang Yen, 2023. "Association of Affiliate Stigma with Parenting Stress and Its Moderators among Caregivers of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(4), pages 1-11, February.
    4. Halewijn M. Drent & Barbara van den Hoofdakker & Jan K. Buitelaar & Pieter J. Hoekstra & Andrea Dietrich, 2022. "Factors Related to Perceived Stigma in Parents of Children and Adolescents in Outpatient Mental Healthcare," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-14, October.
    5. Christine Unson & Anuli Njoku & Stanley Bernard & Martin Agbalenyo, 2023. "Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Chronic Stress among Male Caregivers," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(12), pages 1-13, June.

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