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Design and Validation of the Scale to Measure Aquatic Competence in Children (SMACC)

Author

Listed:
  • Juan Antonio Moreno-Murcia

    (Department of Sports Sciences, Sports Research Center, Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain)

  • Luciane de Paula Borges

    (Department of Sports Sciences, Sports Research Center, Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain)

  • Elisa Huéscar Hernández

    (Department of Sports Sciences, Sports Research Center, Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain)

Abstract

(1) Background: The aim of this study was to design and analyze the validity of the SMACC (Scale to Measure Aquatic Competence in Children) to evaluate aquatic competence in three- to six-year-old children. In addition, the relation between real competence obtained with the SMACC and perceived aquatic competence was verified as well as its differences according to sex and age. (2) Methods: Content validation was performed through the consensus of nine experts using the Delphi technique, and comprehension validity was determined through a pilot study on a sample of 122 children. An exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was performed with two independent samples of 384 and 444 school children between three and six years old, respectively. (3) Results: After the pertinent adjustments, the final questionnaire comprised 17 items, which showed a good fit for both comprehension and content validity. The results of the exploratory and confirmatory analyses support the use of three dimensions in aquatic competence: motor, socio-affective, and cognitive. The correlations support construct validity showing a positive relation with perceived aquatic competence. (4) Conclusions: These promising validity data are discussed from a global and integrative perspective in relation to the improvement of children’s development in the aquatic environment during the early stages of their lives.

Suggested Citation

  • Juan Antonio Moreno-Murcia & Luciane de Paula Borges & Elisa Huéscar Hernández, 2020. "Design and Validation of the Scale to Measure Aquatic Competence in Children (SMACC)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(17), pages 1-16, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:17:p:6188-:d:404361
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Norman Dalkey & Olaf Helmer, 1963. "An Experimental Application of the DELPHI Method to the Use of Experts," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 9(3), pages 458-467, April.
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    Cited by:

    1. Puthearath Chan, 2022. "An Empirical Study on Data Validation Methods of Delphi and General Consensus," Data, MDPI, vol. 7(2), pages 1-16, January.
    2. Pietro Luigi Invernizzi & Marta Rigon & Gabriele Signorini & Giampiero Alberti & Gaetano Raiola & Andrea Bosio, 2021. "Aquatic Physical Literacy: The Effectiveness of Applied Pedagogy on Parents’ and Children’s Perceptions of Aquatic Motor Competence," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(20), pages 1-17, October.

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