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Impact of Charging Electric Vehicles under Different State of Charge Levels and Extreme Conditions

Author

Listed:
  • Claude Ziad El-Bayeh

    (Canada Excellence Research Chair Team, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada)

  • Mohamed Zellagui

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Batna 2, Fesdis, Batna 05078, Algeria)

  • Brahim Brahmi

    (Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Miami University, 260Q Garland Hall, 650 East High Street, Oxford, OH 45056, USA)

  • Walid Alqaisi

    (School of Engineering Technology, College of the North Atlantic, Al Tarafa, Jelaiah Street, Duhail North, Doha P.O. Box 24449, Qatar)

  • Ursula Eicker

    (Canada Excellence Research Chair Team, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada)

Abstract

High penetration levels of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) could cause stress on the network and might violate the limits and constraints under extreme conditions, such as exceeding power and voltage limits on transformers and power lines. This paper defines extreme conditions as the state of a load or network that breaks the limits of the constraints in an optimization model. Once these constraints are violated, the optimization algorithm might not work correctly and might not converge to a feasible solution, especially when the complexity of the system increases and includes nonlinearities. Hence, the algorithm may not help in mitigating the impact of penetrating PEVs under extreme conditions. To solve this problem, an original algorithm is suggested that is able to adapt the constraints’ limits according to the energy demand and the energy needed to charge the PEVs. Different case scenarios are studied for validation purposes, such as charging PEVs under different state of charge levels, different energy demands at home, and different pricing mechanisms. Results show that our original algorithm improved the profiles of the voltage and power under extreme conditions. Hence, the algorithm is able to improve the integration of a high number of PEVs on the distribution system under extreme conditions while preserving its stability.

Suggested Citation

  • Claude Ziad El-Bayeh & Mohamed Zellagui & Brahim Brahmi & Walid Alqaisi & Ursula Eicker, 2021. "Impact of Charging Electric Vehicles under Different State of Charge Levels and Extreme Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-19, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:20:p:6589-:d:655058
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Tan, Kang Miao & Ramachandaramurthy, Vigna K. & Yong, Jia Ying, 2016. "Integration of electric vehicles in smart grid: A review on vehicle to grid technologies and optimization techniques," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 720-732.
    2. Amela Ajanovic, 2015. "The future of electric vehicles: prospects and impediments," Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 4(6), pages 521-536, November.
    3. Yong, Jia Ying & Ramachandaramurthy, Vigna K. & Tan, Kang Miao & Mithulananthan, N., 2015. "A review on the state-of-the-art technologies of electric vehicle, its impacts and prospects," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 365-385.
    4. Claude Ziad El-Bayeh & Ursula Eicker & Khaled Alzaareer & Brahim Brahmi & Mohamed Zellagui, 2020. "A Novel Data-Energy Management Algorithm for Smart Transformers to Optimize the Total Load Demand in Smart Homes," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(18), pages 1-22, September.
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