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An Insight to the Degradation Behaviour of the Parallel Connected Lithium-Ion Battery Cells

Author

Listed:
  • Mohammad Al-Amin

    (WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK)

  • Anup Barai

    (WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK)

  • T.R. Ashwin

    (WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
    A123 Systems, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7EZ, UK)

  • James Marco

    (WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK)

Abstract

In an electric vehicle, a large number of lithium-ion cells are connected in parallel. While cells in parallel increase the reliability of the battery pack, it increases the probability of current imbalance between the parallel branches, thus ageing gradient. The current peak in a cell also can exceed the maximum charge current capability of the cell; leading to lithium plating, therefore a safety issue. The temperature gradient within a battery pack amplifies this issue. This work reports the impact of such temperature gradient on current imbalance within parallel connected cells, their long-term impact on degradation and evaluation of current distribution with degradation. Employing a real-world relevant experimental setup, a total of 1400 cycles were performed on a module with four cells in parallel. A temperature gradient of 10 °C was introduced among the cells, and current in individual parallel branches was measured employing Hall-effect sensors. Over the course of the experiment, module capacity decreased by 23.6%. Cells at higher temperature/lower exposure to active cooling experienced higher degradation. However, the cell with the lowest starting capacity, although exposed to nominal module temperature and cooling experienced the highest current amplitude towards the end of discharge/charge and thus the highest resistance degradation. It was found that current in an individual parallel branch was exceeding the maximum rated charge/discharge current by 53%.

Suggested Citation

  • Mohammad Al-Amin & Anup Barai & T.R. Ashwin & James Marco, 2021. "An Insight to the Degradation Behaviour of the Parallel Connected Lithium-Ion Battery Cells," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-18, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:16:p:4716-:d:607854
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Rothgang, Susanne & Baumhöfer, Thorsten & van Hoek, Hauke & Lange, Tobias & De Doncker, Rik W. & Sauer, Dirk Uwe, 2015. "Modular battery design for reliable, flexible and multi-technology energy storage systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 931-937.
    2. Liu, Xinhua & Ai, Weilong & Naylor Marlow, Max & Patel, Yatish & Wu, Billy, 2019. "The effect of cell-to-cell variations and thermal gradients on the performance and degradation of lithium-ion battery packs," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 248(C), pages 489-499.
    3. Hosseinzadeh, Elham & Arias, Sebastian & Krishna, Muthu & Worwood, Daniel & Barai, Anup & Widanalage, Dhammika & Marco, James, 2021. "Quantifying cell-to-cell variations of a parallel battery module for different pack configurations," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 282(PA).
    4. Uddin, Kotub & Moore, Andrew D. & Barai, Anup & Marco, James, 2016. "The effects of high frequency current ripple on electric vehicle battery performance," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 178(C), pages 142-154.
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