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A Free-Market Environmentalist Transition toward Renewable Energy: The Cases of Germany, Denmark, and the United Kingdom

Author

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  • William Hongsong Wang

    (Department of Applied and Structural Economics & History, Faculty of Economics & Business, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain)

  • Vicente Moreno-Casas

    (Department of Applied Economics I, History and Economic Institutions and Moral Philosophy, Social and Legal Sciences Faculty, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28033 Madrid, Spain)

  • Jesús Huerta de Soto

    (Department of Applied Economics I, History and Economic Institutions and Moral Philosophy, Social and Legal Sciences Faculty, King Juan Carlos University, 28033 Madrid, Spain)

Abstract

Renewable energy (RE) is one of the most popular public policy orientations worldwide. Compared to some other countries and continents, Europe has gained an early awareness of energy and environmental problems in general. At the theoretical level, free-market environmentalism indicates that based on the principle of private property rights, with fewer state interventionist and regulation policies, entrepreneurs, as the driving force of the market economy, can provide better services to meet the necessity of offering RE to protect the environment more effectively. Previous studies have revealed that Germany, Denmark, and the United Kingdom have made some progress in using the market to develop RE. However, this research did not analyze the three countries’ RE conditions from the perspective of free-market environmentalism. Based on our review of the principles of free-market environmentalism, this paper originally provides an empirical study of how Germany, Denmark, and the United Kingdom have partly conducted free-market-oriented policies to successfully achieve their policy goal of RE since the 1990s on a practical level. In particular, compared with Germany and Denmark, the UK has maintained a relatively low energy tax rate and opted for more pro-market measures since the Hayekian-Thatcherism free-market reform of 1979. The paper also discovers that Fredrich A. Hayek’s theories have strongly impacted its energy liberalization reform agenda since then. Low taxes on the energy industry and electricity have alleviated the burden on the electricity enterprises and consumers in the UK. Moreover, the empirical results above show that the energy enterprises play essential roles in providing better and more affordable RE for household and industrial users in the three sampled countries. Based on the above results, the paper also warns that state intervention policies such as taxation, state subsidies, and industrial access restrictions can impede these three countries’ RE targets. Additionally, our research provides reform agendas and policy suggestions to policymakers on the importance of implementing free-market environmentalism to provide more efficient RE in the post-COVID-19 era.

Suggested Citation

  • William Hongsong Wang & Vicente Moreno-Casas & Jesús Huerta de Soto, 2021. "A Free-Market Environmentalist Transition toward Renewable Energy: The Cases of Germany, Denmark, and the United Kingdom," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-27, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:15:p:4659-:d:606234
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

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    4. Victor I. Espinosa & William Hongsong Wang & Jesús Huerta de Soto, 2022. "Principles of Nudging and Boosting: Steering or Empowering Decision-Making for Behavioral Development Economics," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-18, February.
    5. William Hongsong Wang & Victor I. Espinosa & Jesús Huerta de Soto, 2022. "A Free-Market Environmentalist Enquiry on Spain’s Energy Transition along with Its Recent Increasing Electricity Prices," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(15), pages 1-34, August.
    6. Waldemar Izdebski & Michał Izdebski & Katarzyna Kosiorek, 2023. "Evaluation of Economic Possibilities of Production of Second-Generation Spirit Fuels for Internal Combustion Engines in Poland," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-21, January.
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    8. Piotr Bórawski & Lisa Holden & Marek Bartłomiej Bórawski & Bartosz Mickiewicz, 2022. "Perspectives of Biodiesel Development in Poland against the Background of the European Union," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-15, June.
    9. Bórawski, Piotr & Holden, Lisa & Bełdycka-Bórawska, Aneta, 2023. "Perspectives of photovoltaic energy market development in the european union," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 270(C).
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