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Torrefaction of Straw from Oats and Maize for Use as a Fuel and Additive to Organic Fertilizers—TGA Analysis, Kinetics as Products for Agricultural Purposes

Author

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  • Szymon Szufa

    (Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 213, 90-924 Lodz, Poland)

  • Grzegorz Wielgosiński

    (Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 213, 90-924 Lodz, Poland)

  • Piotr Piersa

    (Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 213, 90-924 Lodz, Poland)

  • Justyna Czerwińska

    (Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 213, 90-924 Lodz, Poland)

  • Maria Dzikuć

    (Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Zielona Góra, ul. Licealna 9, 65-246 Zielona Góra, Poland)

  • Łukasz Adrian

    (Faculty of Biology and Environmental Science, University of Kardynal Stefan Wyszyński, Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warszawa, Poland)

  • Wiktoria Lewandowska

    (Chemical Faculty, University of Lodz, Tamka 13, 91-403 Lodz, Poland)

  • Marta Marczak

    (Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland)

Abstract

This publication presents research work which contains the optimum parameters of the agri-biomass: maize and oat straws torrefaction process. Parameters which are the most important for the torrefaction process and its products are temperature and residence time. Thermogravimetric analysis was performed as well as the torrefaction process using an electrical furnace on a laboratory scale at a temperature between 250–525 °C. These biomass torrefaction process parameters—residence time and temperature—were necessary to perform the design and construction of semi-pilot scale biomass torrefaction installations with a regimental dryer and a woody and agri-biomass regimental torrefaction reactor to perform a continuous torrefaction process using superheated steam. In the design installation the authors also focused on biochar, a bi-product of biofuel which will be used as an additive for natural bio-fertilizers. Kinetic analysis of torrefaction process using maize and oat straws was performed using NETZSCH Neo Kinetics software. It was found that kinetic analysis methods conducted with multiple heating rate experiments were much more efficient than the use of a single heating rate. The best representations of the experimental data for the straw from maize straw were found for the n-order reaction model. A thermogravimetric analysis, TG-MS analysis and VOC analysis combined with electrical furnace installation were performed on the maize and oat straw torrefaction process. The new approach in the work presented is different from that of current scientific achievements due to the fact that until now researchers have worked on performing processes on oat and maize straws by means of the torrefaction process for the production of a biochar as an additive for natural bio-fertilizers. None of them looked for economically reasonable mass loss ratios. In this work the authors made the assumption that a mass loss in the area of 45–50% is the most reasonable loss for the two mentioned agri-biomass processes. On this basis, a semi-pilot installation could be produced in a further BIOCARBON project step. The kinetic parameters which were calculated will be used to estimate the size of the apparatuses, the biomass dryer, and biomass torrefaction reactor.

Suggested Citation

  • Szymon Szufa & Grzegorz Wielgosiński & Piotr Piersa & Justyna Czerwińska & Maria Dzikuć & Łukasz Adrian & Wiktoria Lewandowska & Marta Marczak, 2020. "Torrefaction of Straw from Oats and Maize for Use as a Fuel and Additive to Organic Fertilizers—TGA Analysis, Kinetics as Products for Agricultural Purposes," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-30, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:8:p:2064-:d:348295
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    1. Halina Pawlak-Kruczek & Mateusz Wnukowski & Lukasz Niedzwiecki & Michał Czerep & Mateusz Kowal & Krystian Krochmalny & Jacek Zgóra & Michał Ostrycharczyk & Marcin Baranowski & Wilhelm Jan Tic & Joanna, 2019. "Torrefaction as a Valorization Method Used Prior to the Gasification of Sewage Sludge," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-18, January.
    2. Junga, Robert & Pospolita, Janusz & Niemiec, Patrycja, 2020. "Combustion and grindability characteristics of palm kernel shells torrefied in a pilot-scale installation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 147(P1), pages 1239-1250.
    3. Jeeban Poudel & Sea Cheon Oh, 2014. "Effect of Torrefaction on the Properties of Corn Stalk to Enhance Solid Fuel Qualities," Energies, MDPI, vol. 7(9), pages 1-15, August.
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    Keywords

    torrefaction; oats; maize; straw; biochar;
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