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Assessing the Long-Term Impact of Traditional Agriculture and the Mid-Term Impact of Intensification in Face of Local Climatic Changes

Author

Listed:
  • José Telo da Gama

    (VALORIZA-Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization, 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal
    Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal)

  • Luis Loures

    (VALORIZA-Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization, 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal
    Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal)

  • António Lopez-Piñeiro

    (Área de Edafología y Química Agrícola, Facultad de Ciencias—IACYS, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda de Elvas s/n, 06071 Badajoz, Spain)

  • Derick Quintino

    (Department of Economics, Administration and Sociology, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil)

  • Paulo Ferreira

    (VALORIZA-Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization, 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal
    Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal
    CEFAGE-UE, IIFA, Universidade de Évora, Largo dos Colegiais 2, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal)

  • José Rato Nunes

    (VALORIZA-Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization, 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal
    Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal)

Abstract

In the Mediterranean basin, edaphic salinization, sodification and alkalinization related to anthropic pressures and climatic changes may hinder the ecosystem sustainability. It is pertinent to study the mid and long-term variability of these soil characteristics in face off the macro agricultural system in use (i.e., irrigation or rain-fed). Four irrigated soils from the Caia Irrigation Perimeter (Portugal), Fluvisols, Luvisols, Calcisols and Cambisols were analysed in the mid-term, from 2002 to 2012, for its available Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , K + and Na + content. Overall, Ca 2+ , K + and Na + significantly increased during the period of this study by 25%, 8% and 7%, respectively. Soil organic matter (SOM) and pH for the irrigated soils in the area were already assessed in previous studies with the overall SOM remaining constant ( p ≥ 0.05) and pH increasing ( p < 0.01) by 5%. We provide the predictive maps for Na + and the CROSS predictive & HotSpot evolution map from 2002 to 2012. Rain-fed soils were analysed in the long-term, from 1965 to 2012, for their SOM, pH and non-acid cations (Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , K + and Na + ) content. While SOM, pH and the exchangeable Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and K + significantly increased ( p < 0.01) by 23%, 8%, 60%, 21% and 193%, respectively, exchangeable Na + significantly decreased ( p < 0.01) by 50%. These results may be related to the local climate changes as, according to the Thornthwaite classification, it went from sub-humid with great water excess (C1B2s2b4) in the climate normal 1951/1980 to sub-humid with moderate water excess (C1B2sb4) in 1981/2010 to semi-arid with little to none water excess (DB2db4) in 1991/2020. The irrigated areas in this Mediterranean region are slowly departing from sustainable goals of soil conservation and better edaphic management and conservation practices, that address the registered climatic changes in the area, could be adopted.

Suggested Citation

  • José Telo da Gama & Luis Loures & António Lopez-Piñeiro & Derick Quintino & Paulo Ferreira & José Rato Nunes, 2021. "Assessing the Long-Term Impact of Traditional Agriculture and the Mid-Term Impact of Intensification in Face of Local Climatic Changes," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-19, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jagris:v:11:y:2021:i:9:p:814-:d:623408
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Luís Loures & José Gama & José Rato Nunes & António Lopez-Piñeiro, 2017. "Assessing the Sodium Exchange Capacity in Rainfed and Irrigated Soils in the Mediterranean Basin Using GIS," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(3), pages 1-12, March.
    2. Lucio Di Matteo & Alessandro Spigarelli & Sofia Ortenzi, 2020. "Processes in the Unsaturated Zone by Reliable Soil Water Content Estimation: Indications for Soil Water Management from a Sandy Soil Experimental Field in Central Italy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-15, December.
    3. Teixeira, R.F.M. & Domingos, T. & Costa, A.P.S.V. & Oliveira, R. & Farropas, L. & Calouro, F. & Barradas, A.M. & Carneiro, J.P.B.G., 2011. "Soil organic matter dynamics in Portuguese natural and sown rainfed grasslands," Ecological Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 222(4), pages 993-1001.
    4. Jianping Huang & Haipeng Yu & Xiaodan Guan & Guoyin Wang & Ruixia Guo, 2016. "Accelerated dryland expansion under climate change," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 6(2), pages 166-171, February.
    5. Smith, C.J. & Oster, J.D. & Sposito, G., 2015. "Potassium and magnesium in irrigation water quality assessment," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 59-64.
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    1. José Telo da Gama & Luis Loures & António López-Piñeiro & José Rato Nunes, 2021. "Assessing the Role of Phosphorus as a Macropollutant in Four Typical Mediterranean Basin Soils," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-10, October.

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