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The Opening Price Performance of Initial Public Offerings of Common Stock

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  • Christopher B. Barry
  • Robert H. Jennings

Abstract

Initial public offerings (IPOs) of common stock are followed in the immediate after market by sizeable increases in stock prices on average. The large initial returns of IPO shares have attracted a great deal of attention in the empirical and theoretical literature of finance, and IPOs are said to be "underpriced" because of their large initial returns. The dominant explanations of the underpricing phenomenon suggest that the initial returns should be earned by purchasers who buy shares in the initial offering rather than those who buy shares in the aftermarket. Since many shares experience a great deal of trading activity during their first day of trading, and since observers have noted that many purchasers almost immediately "flip" (i.e., resell) their shares, it is not obvious who gains from the underpricing of the IPOs. We resolve that issue by examining opening price data in contrast to the closing price data on which previous studies have been based. We examine 175 operating company IPOs and 54 closed-end fund IPOs over the two-year period from December 1988 through December 1990. We contrast the returns based on the offering price to the first day's closing price against the returns based on the offering price to the price of the first transaction of the day, and we also examine the intraday price on the first day of trades.

Suggested Citation

  • Christopher B. Barry & Robert H. Jennings, 1993. "The Opening Price Performance of Initial Public Offerings of Common Stock," Financial Management, Financial Management Association, vol. 22(1), Spring.
    • Handle: RePEc:fma:fmanag:barry93
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Reichert, Carolyn & Timmons, J. Douglas, 1998. "Closed-End Investment Companies: Historic Returns and Investment Strategies," Financial Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 7(2), pages 83-93.
    2. Deng, Qi & Zhou, Zhong-guo, 2016. "Overreaction in ChiNext IPOs' initial returns: How much and what caused it?," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 82-103.
    3. Catherine M. Daily & S. Trevis Certo & Dan R. Dalton & Rungpen Roengpitya, 2003. "IPO Underpricing: A Meta–Analysis and Research Synthesis," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 27(3), pages 271-295, July.
    4. James, Kieran E. & How, Janice C. Y. & Izan, H. Y., 1995. "An analysis of the pricing processes of Australian unit trust IPOs," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 3(2-3), pages 285-301, July.
    5. Paudyal, K. & Saadouni, B. & Briston, R. J., 1998. "Privatisation initial public offerings in Malaysia: Initial premium and long-term performance," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 6(5), pages 427-451, November.
    6. Qi Deng & Zhong-guo Zhou, 2016. "The pricing of first day opening price returns for ChiNext IPOs," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 47(2), pages 249-271, August.
    7. Othman Yong & Zaidi Isa, 2003. "Initial performance of new issues of shares in Malaysia," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 35(8), pages 919-930.
    8. Richard Chung & Lawrence Kryzanowski & Ian Rakita, 2000. "The Relationship Between Overallotment Options, Underwriting Fees and Price Stabilization For Canadian IPOs," Multinational Finance Journal, Multinational Finance Journal, vol. 4(1-2), pages 5-34, March-Jun.
    9. Jos Van Bommel & Jay Dahya & Zhihong Shi, 2010. "An empirical investigation of the speed of information aggregation: a study of IPOs," International Journal of Banking, Accounting and Finance, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 2(1), pages 47-79.
    10. Wolfgang Gerke & Jörg Fleischer, 2001. "Die Performance der Börsengänge am Neuen Markt," Schmalenbach Journal of Business Research, Springer, vol. 53(8), pages 827-839, December.
    11. Kim, Jeong-Bon & Krinsky, Itzhak & Lee, Jason, 1995. "The aftermarket performance of initial public offerings in Korea," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 3(4), pages 429-448, December.
    12. Duong, Huu Nhan & Goyal, Abhinav & Kallinterakis, Vasileios & Veeraraghavan, Madhu, 2021. "Market manipulation rules and IPO underpricing," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    13. Boulton, Thomas J., 2023. "Property rights and access to equity capital in China," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 55(C).
    14. Menyah, Kojo & Paudyal, Krishna & Inyangete, Charles G., 1995. "Subscriber return, underpricing, and long-term performance of U.K. privatization initial public offers," Journal of Economics and Business, Elsevier, vol. 47(5), pages 473-495, December.
    15. Steven Cox & Dianne Roden, 1999. "Initial public offerings by mutual thrifts: The regulatory impact," Journal of Economics and Finance, Springer;Academy of Economics and Finance, vol. 23(2), pages 113-122, June.
    16. McGuinness, Paul B., 2014. "IPO firm value and its connection with cornerstone and wider signalling effects," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 27(C), pages 138-162.
    17. Beat Reber & Bob Berry & Steve Toms, 2005. "Predicting mispricing of initial public offerings," Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance and Management, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 13(1), pages 41-59, March.
    18. Qi Deng & Linhong Zheng & Jiaqi Peng & Xu Li & Zhong-guo Zhou & Monica Hussein & Dingyi Chen & Mick Swartz, 2023. "The Impacts of Registration Regime Implementation on IPO Pricing Efficiency," Papers 2307.09669, arXiv.org.
    19. Wang, Shuangjin & Wang, Puxuan & Cebula, Richard J. & Foley, Maggie, 2023. "Board characteristics and IPO underpricing in China: The perspective of moderating effect of venture capitalists," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 52(C).
    20. Brau, James C. & Rodríguez, Javier, 2009. "An empirical analysis of Mexican and US closed-end mutual fund IPOs," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 23(1), pages 1-17, January.
    21. Katherine Spiess, D. & Pettway, Richard H., 1997. "The IPO and first seasoned equity sale: Issue proceeds, owner/managers' wealth, and the underpricing signal," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 21(7), pages 967-988, July.
    22. Maher Kooli & Jean-Marc Suret, 2001. "The Underpricing of Initial Public Offerings: Further Canadian Evidence," CIRANO Working Papers 2001s-50, CIRANO.
    23. Bradley, Daniel J. & Gonas, John S. & Highfield, Michael J. & Roskelley, Kenneth D., 2009. "An examination of IPO secondary market returns," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 15(3), pages 316-330, June.
    24. Sonia Falconieri & Albert Murphy & Daniel Weaver, 2009. "Underpricing and Ex Post Value Uncertainty," Financial Management, Financial Management Association International, vol. 38(2), pages 285-300, June.
    25. Pettway, Richard H. & Kaneko, Takashi, 1996. "The effects of removing price limits and introducing auctions upon short-term IPO returns: The case of Japanese IPOs," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 4(2-3), pages 241-258, July.

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