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The Norm of Reciprocity: Scale Development and Validation in the Chinese Context

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  • Wu, Joshua B.
  • Hom, Peter W.
  • Tetrick, Lois E.
  • Shore, Lynn M.
  • Jia, Liangding
  • Li, Chaoping
  • Song, Lynda Jiwen

Abstract

To add greater theoretical precision to a fundamental construct in social exchange theory - namely, Gouldner's ‘norm of reciprocity’, this study developed a measure of Sahlins' generalized, balanced, and negative reciprocity types and validated its psychometric quality in China. For a comprehensive construct validation of the new scale, we carried out three studies. After generating a pool of items, we used a panel of experts to classify items according to conceptual definitions of the three reciprocity types. Using factor analysis, the first study revealed a factor structure consistent with Sahlins' reciprocity typology. In the second study, confirmatory factor analysis replicated this factor structure as well as demonstrated that the reciprocity factors are distinct from each other and other social-exchange constructs. In line with extant theories, the third study corroborated a nomological network relating reciprocity types to external constructs. Given this broad array of evidence for its construct validity, future researchers can employ this validated scale to investigate various forms of social exchange in Chinese work settings.

Suggested Citation

  • Wu, Joshua B. & Hom, Peter W. & Tetrick, Lois E. & Shore, Lynn M. & Jia, Liangding & Li, Chaoping & Song, Lynda Jiwen, 2006. "The Norm of Reciprocity: Scale Development and Validation in the Chinese Context," Management and Organization Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 2(3), pages 377-402, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:cup:maorev:v:2:y:2006:i:03:p:377-402_00
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    Cited by:

    1. Yan Li & David Ahlstrom & Neal Ashkanasy, 2010. "A multilevel model of affect and organizational commitment," Asia Pacific Journal of Management, Springer, vol. 27(2), pages 193-213, June.
    2. Hom, Peter W. & Xiao, Zhixing, 2011. "Embedding social networks: How guanxi ties reinforce Chinese employees’ retention," Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Elsevier, vol. 116(2), pages 188-202.
    3. Yina Mao & Kelly Peng & Chi-Sum Wong, 2012. "Indigenous research on Asia: In search of the emic components of guanxi," Asia Pacific Journal of Management, Springer, vol. 29(4), pages 1143-1168, December.
    4. Nick Lin-Hi & Xiaohan Gao-Urhahn & Torsten Biemann & Irmela F. Koch-Bayram, 2023. "Internal CSR and blue-collar workers’ attitudes and behaviors in China: a combination of a cross-sectional study and a field experiment," Asian Business & Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 22(3), pages 1185-1213, July.
    5. Dan Nie & Anna-Maija Lämsä, 2015. "The Leader–Member Exchange Theory in the Chinese Context and the Ethical Challenge of Guanxi," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 128(4), pages 851-861, June.
    6. Jia, Flora Fang & Wang, Jeff Jianfeng, 2013. "Marketing channel relationships in China: A review and integration with an institution-based perspective," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 66(12), pages 2545-2551.
    7. Taolin Wang & Lirong Long & Yong Zhang & Wei He, 2019. "A Social Exchange Perspective of Employee–Organization Relationships and Employee Unethical Pro-organizational Behavior: The Moderating Role of Individual Moral Identity," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 159(2), pages 473-489, October.
    8. Joe-Okidi, Precious Ogbeyalu & Amah, Edwinah (PhD) & Okocha, Belemenanya Friday (PhD), 2022. "Career Development Strategies and Employees Effectiveness of Hotels in Rivers State," International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation, International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI), vol. 9(8), pages 55-61, August.
    9. Martina Pieperhoff, 2018. "Reziprozität in interorganisationalen Austauschbeziehungen - eine Typologisierung," ZfKE – Zeitschrift für KMU und Entrepreneurship, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, vol. 66(4), pages 273-287.
    10. Giese, Karsten & Thiel, Alena, 2012. "When Voicelessness Meets Speechlessness – Struggling for Equity in Chinese-Ghanaian Employment Relations," GIGA Working Papers 194, GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies.
    11. Badrinarayan Srirangam Ramaprasad & Sethumadhavan Lakshminarayanan & Yogesh P. Pai, 2021. "Exploring the Mediating Role of Employee Attitudes in the Relationship between High-Performance Work Systems and Turnover Intention among IT Professionals in India: A Serial Mediation Approach," Global Business Review, International Management Institute, vol. 22(1), pages 197-218, February.
    12. Martina Pieperhoff, 2018. "The Explanatory Power of Reciprocal Behavior for the Inter-Organizational Exchange Context," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(6), pages 1-18, June.
    13. Ling, Qian & Lin, Meizhen & Wu, Xiaoyi, 2016. "The trickle-down effect of servant leadership on frontline employee service behaviors and performance: A multilevel study of Chinese hotels," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 341-368.

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