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The nexus between health expenditure, life expectancy, and economic growth: ARDL model analysis for Kenya

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  • Wycliffe Obwori Alwago

Abstract

The study explored the causal effect analysis of healthcare spending and life expectancy on annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth in Kenya utilizing time series data from 2000 to 2020. Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and error correction (ECM) models were applied to inspect the short‐term and long‐term equilibrium and the speed of adjustment to the long‐run equilibrium owing to a disturbance in the short term, respectively. Bounds testing analysis confirmed the existence of a long‐term linkage between the factors. The speed of adjustment from medium‐term to long‐run equilibria owing to structural breaks is statistically significant. This indicated that the system is convergent, but it takes longer to rectify the divergence. Health expenditure significantly influences the growth of GDP in the long run with an insignificant effect in the medium term. Life expectancy substantially and directly influences GDP growth in both the medium term and long term while terms of trade, a control factor, significantly but indirectly influences GDP growth. The Granger causality test reveals the existence of unidirectional causality from healthcare spending to economic growth, although providing no empirical support that healthcare spending enhances long‐run economic growth. Thus, the findings conclude that health expenditure and longevity of life fundamentally enhance the growth of GDP in Kenya for the time considered. Este estudio exploró el análisis del efecto causal del gasto sanitario y la esperanza de vida sobre el crecimiento anual del producto interior bruto (PIB) en Kenia utilizando series temporales de datos de 2000 a 2020. Se aplicaron modelos de retardo autorregresivo distribuido (ARDL, por sus siglas en inglés) y de corrección de errores (ECM, por sus siglas en inglés) para examinar el equilibrio a corto y largo plazo y la velocidad de ajuste al equilibrio a largo plazo debido a una perturbación a corto plazo, respectivamente. El análisis de comprobación de límites confirmó la existencia de una relación a largo plazo entre los factores. La velocidad de ajuste de los equilibrios a medio y largo plazo debida a rupturas estructurales es estadísticamente significativa. Esto indica que el sistema es convergente, pero tarda más en rectificar la divergencia. El gasto sanitario influye significativamente en el crecimiento del PIB a largo plazo, con un efecto desestimable a medio plazo. La esperanza de vida influye de manera sustancial y directa en el crecimiento del PIB tanto a medio como a largo plazo, mientras que la relación de intercambio, un factor de control, influye de manera significativa pero indirecta en el crecimiento del PIB. La prueba de causalidad de Granger revela la existencia de una causalidad unidireccional entre el gasto sanitario y el crecimiento económico, aunque no aporta pruebas empíricas de que el gasto sanitario impulse el crecimiento económico a largo plazo. Así pues, los resultados concluyen que el gasto sanitario y la esperanza de vida mejoraron fundamentalmente el crecimiento del PIB en Kenia durante el periodo considerado. 本稿では、2000~2020年までの時系列データを使用して、ケニアの年間の国内総生産(GDP)の成長に対する医療支出と平均寿命の因果効果分析を実施する。自己回帰分布ラグモデルと誤差修正モデルを用いて、短期均衡と長期均衡、及び短期的攪乱による長期均衡への調整の速度を調査した。バウンド検定による解析により、因子間に長期的な関連性があることが確認された。構造変化による中期均衡から長期均衡への調整の速度は統計的に有意である。これは、システムは収束しているが、分散を修正するのに時間がかかることを示している。医療費は、長期的にはGDPの成長に有意に影響するが、中期的にはほとんど影響しない。平均寿命は、中長期的にGDP成長率に実質的かつ直接的に影響を与えるが、制御因子である交易条件は、GDP成長率に有意ではあるが間接的に影響を与える。グレンジャー因果関係検定から、医療支出が長期的な経済成長を促進するという実証的な裏付けはないものの、医療支出の経済成長に対する一方向の因果関係の存在が明らかになった。以上の知見から、医療支出と寿命が、検討された期間においてケニアのGDPの成長を促進する基礎となっているという結論に至る。

Suggested Citation

  • Wycliffe Obwori Alwago, 2023. "The nexus between health expenditure, life expectancy, and economic growth: ARDL model analysis for Kenya," Regional Science Policy & Practice, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 15(5), pages 1064-1085, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:rgscpp:v:15:y:2023:i:5:p:1064-1085
    DOI: 10.1111/rsp3.12588
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