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Estonian population and regional development during the last 30 years—back to the small town?

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  • Garri Raagmaa

Abstract

This article reviews the socioeconomic factors that have shaped Estonia's regional population development during the last 30 years. In the 1990s, primary and secondary industries declined and massive urbanization started, depopulating rural and old industrial areas while suburban sprawl developed around the capital Tallinn. Urban growth accelerated in the 2000s, and the 2008 global financial crisis prompted migration from the peripheries. Since 2015, Estonia's population has been growing thanks to returning emigrants and new immigrants. Recent years have witnessed the spread effect and spatial oscillation boosted by COVID‐19 and the Ukrainian war. Additionally, a growing number of people live temporarily in multiple places, including remote rural localities. Este artículo revisa los factores socioeconómicos que han configurado el desarrollo demográfico regional de Estonia durante los últimos 30 años. En la década de 1990, las industrias primarias y secundarias decayeron y se inició una urbanización masiva que despobló las zonas rurales y las antiguas zonas industriales, al tiempo que se desarrollaba una dispersión suburbana en torno a la capital, Tallin. El crecimiento urbano se aceleró en la década de 2000, y la crisis financiera mundial de 2008 impulsó la migración desde las periferias. Desde 2015, la población de Estonia ha crecido gracias a los emigrantes retornados y a los nuevos inmigrantes. Los últimos años han sido testigos del efecto de dispersión y la oscilación espacial impulsados por COVID‐19 y la guerra en Ucrania. Además, cada vez más personas viven temporalmente en varios lugares, incluidas localidades rurales remotas. 本稿では、過去30年間におけるエストニアの地域の人口増加の社会経済的要因をレビューする。1990年代には、第一次及び第二次産業が衰退し、大規模な都市化が始まり、農村地域や古い工業地帯の人口が減少し、首都タリンの周辺地域の郊外ではスプロール化が進んだ。都市部の発展は2000年代に加速し、2008年の世界金融危機は周辺地域からの移住を促した。2015年以降、エストニアの人口は帰国移民と新規の移民によって増加している。近年では、COVID‐19とウクライナでの戦争によって拡大効果と空間的変動が強められている。また、辺境の農村地域を含む複数の場所に一時的に住む人が増加している。

Suggested Citation

  • Garri Raagmaa, 2023. "Estonian population and regional development during the last 30 years—back to the small town?," Regional Science Policy & Practice, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 15(4), pages 826-844, May.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:rgscpp:v:15:y:2023:i:4:p:826-844
    DOI: 10.1111/rsp3.12623
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    1. Garri Raagmaa, 2002. "Regional Identity in Regional Development and Planning1," European Planning Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 10(1), pages 55-76, January.
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    1. Fiona Nevzati & Mart Külvik & Joanna Storie & Liisa-Maria Tiidu & Simon Bell, 2023. "Assessment of Cultural Ecosystem Services and Well-Being: Testing a Method for Evaluating Natural Environment and Contact Types in the Harku Municipality, Estonia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-24, June.

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