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A Comparative Study of the Introduction of Restrictions to Large‐Scale Mining in Four Latin American Countries

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  • Paúl Cisneros

Abstract

Institutions are important to enhance the contribution of mining industries not only to economic growth, but also to environmental justice and equality. In this paper, we study the processes by which four Latin American countries modified their existing institutions to manage the effects or large‐scale mining in their territories. We focus on the political struggles to introduce legislation to restrict the geographical expansion of large‐scale mining in their territories. To this end, we integrate a leading theory of the policy process with theoretical insights from studies of environmental governance and political settlements. Our findings show that processes of policy change followed distinct paths with common elements. The elements that link the initial conditions with change are policy learning, challenges to dominant policy images, conflict expansion, and the involvement of veto players. We also observe that the outputs of the reforms diverge significantly. Three contextual variables contributed to the variability of the outputs of these reforms; the degree of cohesion of elites, the degree of development of environmental institutions, and the relative dependency on mineral revenues. During the processes of policy making, these institutions offered different opportunities and constraints for policy challengers to advance their agenda and for dominant actors to maintain the status quo. The new policy designs offer opportunities for countries to deal with the effects of mining on sensitive ecosystems but political instability threatens the long‐term institutionalization of these reforms. 制度的重要性不仅在于能提升采矿业对经济增长的贡献,还能提升环境正义和平等。本文中,我们研究了不同过程,四个拉美国家通过该过程修改了各自现有制度,以管理大规模开采在其领土中发挥的作用。我们聚焦于为引入“限制大规模开采在其领土内扩张”的相关立法而进行的政治争夺。为此,我们将环境治理和政治解决研究得出的理论见解与一项重要的政治过程理论进行整合。我们的结果显示,政策变革过程遵循具有共同要素的独特路径。将初期情况与变革相连接的要素分别是政策学习、对主导政策形象的挑战、冲突扩张、以及否决者介入。我们还发现,改革的输出存在显著差异。3个情境变量促成了改革输出的差异性,变量分别是精英凝聚程度、环境制度的发展程度、对矿产收入的相对依赖程度。决策过程中,这些制度为希望推动各自议程的政策挑战者、和希望维持现状的主导者提供了不同机遇和限制。新政策设计为各国应对“开采对脆弱生态系统产生的影响”提供机遇,但政治不稳定性对改革的长期制度化造成威胁。 Las instituciones son importantes para mejorar la contribución de las industrias mineras al crecimiento económico, pero también a la justicia y la igualdad ambientales. En este trabajo, estudiamos los procesos mediante los cuales cuatro países latinoamericanos modificaron sus instituciones existentes para gestionar los efectos de la minería a gran escala en sus territorios. Nos enfocamos en las luchas políticas para introducir legislación que restrinja la expansión geográfica de la minería a gran escala en sus territorios. Con este fin, integramos una teoría líder del proceso de políticas con conocimientos teóricos de estudios de gobernanza ambiental y acuerdos políticos. Nuestros hallazgos muestran que los procesos de cambio de políticas siguieron caminos distintos con elementos comunes. Los elementos que vinculan las condiciones iniciales con el cambio son el aprendizaje de políticas, los desafíos a las imágenes políticas dominantes, la expansión del conflicto y la participación de los jugadores con veto. También observamos que los resultados de las reformas divergen significativamente. Tres variables contextuales contribuyeron a la variabilidad de los resultados de estas reformas; el grado de cohesión de las élites, el grado de desarrollo de las instituciones ambientales y la dependencia relativa de los ingresos minerales. Durante los procesos de formulación de políticas, estas instituciones ofrecieron diferentes oportunidades y limitaciones para que los desafiantes de las políticas avanzaran en su agenda y para que los actores dominantes mantuvieran el status quo. Los nuevos diseños de políticas ofrecen oportunidades para que los países hagan frente a los efectos de la minería en ecosistemas sensibles, pero la inestabilidad política amenaza la institucionalización a largo plazo de estas reformas.

Suggested Citation

  • Paúl Cisneros, 2020. "A Comparative Study of the Introduction of Restrictions to Large‐Scale Mining in Four Latin American Countries," Review of Policy Research, Policy Studies Organization, vol. 37(5), pages 687-712, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:revpol:v:37:y:2020:i:5:p:687-712
    DOI: 10.1111/ropr.12400
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    1. Alfano, Lucia, 2022. "The new developmental state and the challenges of the socio-ecological transformation: Lessons from Argentina and Brazil," IPE Working Papers 189/2022, Berlin School of Economics and Law, Institute for International Political Economy (IPE).
    2. Paul Cisneros, 2023. "How do courts contribute to policy integration? A comparative study of policy integration processes in Colombia, Ecuador, and Guatemala," Policy Sciences, Springer;Society of Policy Sciences, vol. 56(3), pages 613-632, September.

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