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Tax Rate and Government Expenditure

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  • PAUL S. A. RENAUD
  • FRANS A. A. M. VAN WINDEN

Abstract

This article is concerned with the development and empirical application of a behavioural model of government policies. A short discussion of the existing models in this field, such as reaction‐function models, voting models, and interest group models, is given. A simple model of government behaviour is presented, using the so called interest function approach. In the model a central role is allocated to the own interests of government sector workers (politicians and bureaucrats). The interests of social groups outside the government organization are taken into account by the government through factors such as mobility (probability of becoming a member of another group) and pressure through political parties or otherwise. This leads to the formulation of what is called a complex interest function for the government which is maximized to determine its behaviour. The model is applied to The Netherlands (1921‐1985). A striking outcome is that the numerical strengths of the three social groups that are actively involved in the production process, to wit government and private sector workers, and self‐employed, appear to be determinant for the overall tax rate and the relative level of government expenditure. Nach einer kurzen Diskussion einschlägiger verhaltenstheoretischer Modelle wird mittels des sogenannten Interessenfunktionsansatzes das Regierungsverhalten modelliert. Speziell berücksichtigt werden die Interessen von Politikern und Bürokraten. Die Interessen von sozialen Gruppen ausserhalb der Staatsorganisation werden durch Faktoren wie Mobilität (Wahrscheinlichkeit, Mitglied einer andern sozialen Gruppe zu werden) und Druck zum Beispiel von politischen Parteien berücksichtigt. Daraus resultiert für die Regierung eine sogenannte komplexe Interessenfunktion. Durch deren Maximierung wird das Verhalten der Regierung erklärt. Die empirische Überprüfung anhand von Daten der Niederlande von 1921 bis 1985 zeigt u. a., dass die numerische Stärke der drei aktiv im Produktionsprozess involvierten sozialen Gruppen Arbeitnehmer des öffentlichen Sektors, Arbeitnehmer des privaten Sektors und Selbständigerverbende die bestimmenden Faktoren für Festlegung von Steuerlast und relativem Niveau der öffentlichen Ausgaben sind. Cet article traite le développement et l'application d'un modéle de comportement de l'Etat. Une discussion courte concernant les modèles qui existent sur ce plan est présentée, comme les modéles de fonctions de réaction, les modèles de comportement électoral et les modèles de groupes des intérêts. Un modèle simple de comportement de I'Etat est présenté, en utilisant ce qu'on appelle l'approche de la fonction des intérêts. Dans ce modéle, les intérêts personnels des fonctionnaires (hommes politiques et bureaucrates) jouent un rôle central. L‘Etat prête attention aux intérêts des groupes sociaux en dehors de I'organisation de l'Etat à l'aide des facteurs comme celui de la mobilité (la possibilité de devenir membre d'un autre groupe social) et celui de la pression à travers des partis politiques ou d'une autre façon. Cela mène à la formulation d'une fonction complexe des intérêts pour l'Etat qui est maximée afin de déterminer son comportement. Le modèle est appliqué aux Pays‐Bas (1921‐1985). Un des résultats importants est que les forces numériques des groupes sociaux qui participent activement au processus de production, à savoir les fonctionnaires, les ouvriers et les entrepreneurs qui travaillent à son compte, se montrent déterminant pour la charge tiscale totale et le niveau relatif des dépenses publiques.

Suggested Citation

  • Paul S. A. Renaud & Frans A. A. M. Van Winden, 1987. "Tax Rate and Government Expenditure," Kyklos, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 40(3), pages 349-367, August.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:kyklos:v:40:y:1987:i:3:p:349-367
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6435.1987.tb00685.x
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    Cited by:

    1. Feld, Lars P., 1997. "Exit, voice and income taxes: The loyalty of voters," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 13(3), pages 455-478, September.
    2. Schneider Friedrich, 1992. "The Federal And Fiscal Structures Of Representative And Direct Democracies As Models For A European Federal Union: Some Ideas Using The Public-Choice Approach," Journal des Economistes et des Etudes Humaines, De Gruyter, vol. 3(4), pages 1-36, December.
    3. Feld, Lars P, 2000. "Tax Competition and Income Redistribution: An Empirical Analysis for Switzerland," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 105(1-2), pages 125-164, October.
    4. Feld, Lars P. & Kirchgassner, Gebhard, 2001. "Income tax competition at the State and Local Level in Switzerland," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 31(2-3), pages 181-213, April.

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