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Brown and Green in Durban: The Evolution of Environmental Policy in a Post‐Apartheid City

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  • Bill Freund

Abstract

This article concerns the politics of environmental policy as it has been evolving in the South African city of Durban. How has the end of apartheid impacted on environmental issues and concerns? Since 1994 (actually 1996 from the standpoint of local government), the transition to democracy has brought about a shift from purely green policy to the growing salience of what we may call brown issues. The article first considers the elements of what we would now denote as environmental policy under the old regime and then outlines the policy shifts in recent years. The second half of the article looks at what have emerged as the most significant policy issues with regard to the environment, the future of the South Coast Industrial Basin, the environmental concerns that arise from the construction of new housing settlements and (more briefly) debates about the future of the Bay of Natal and some of the issues at play in the development of an integrated social health policy. With South Africa’s emergence from isolation, international mandates for environmental controls and planning have been formally adopted; this article argues that the actual application of policy from word to deed is another matter. Democratization has opened up debates and created a far healthier climate for the discussion of urban issues, but formal institutional and procedural changes are far from sufficient to ensure new approaches on the ground. The presence or absence of effective environmental lobbying from community organizations and of environmental champions within the bureaucracy are critical factors. The planning process in Durban, inevitably subject to immediate political pressures, is still far from achieving the more holistic ambition of integrating environmental and developmental concerns. Cet article porte sur l’évolution de la stratégie politique en matière d’environnement dans la ville sud‐africaine de Durban. Comment la fin de l’apartheid a‐t‐elle influé sur les problèmes d’environnement? Depuis 1994 (plus exactement 1996 pour les gouvernements locaux), la transition vers la démocratie s’est traduite par un décalage d’une politique publique purement verte vers une prépondérance accrue de ce qu’on pourrait appeler des sujets bruns. Dans un premier temps, l’article étudie les composantes de ce qui, désormais, relèverait de la politique environnementale de l’ancien régime, puis il décrit les transformations politiques récentes. La deuxième moitié du texte s’intéresse aux questions de politique publique qui sont apparues comme les plus significatives en matière d’environnement – l’avenir du bassin industriel de la côte sud, les problèmes environnementaux nés de la construction de nouvelles zones d’habitation – et examine, plus brièvement, l’avenir de la baie du Natal, ainsi que certains enjeux de l’élaboration d’une politique sanitaire et sociale intégrée. Depuis que l’Afrique du Sud est sortie de son isolement, il a été adopté officiellement des mandats internationaux pour des contrôles et une planification de l’environnement; toutefois, la transition entre la parole politique et les actes n’est pas chose‐faite. La démocratisation a ouvert les discussions, créant un climat bien plus sain pour débattre des problèmes urbains; cependant, changer officiellement les institutions et les procédures est insuffisant pour garantir de nouvelles approches sur le terrain. La présence – ou non – d’organismes collectifs agissant efficacement comme groupes de pression et celle de défenseurs de l’environnement au sein de la bureaucratie constituent des facteurs essentiels. À Durban, le processus de planification, soumis inévitablement à des pressions politiques directes, est encore loin d’atteindre l’ambition plus holistique d’intégrer les problèmes d’environnement et de développement.

Suggested Citation

  • Bill Freund, 2001. "Brown and Green in Durban: The Evolution of Environmental Policy in a Post‐Apartheid City," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 25(4), pages 717-739, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:ijurrs:v:25:y:2001:i:4:p:717-739
    DOI: 10.1111/1468-2427.00341
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    Cited by:

    1. Essex, Stephen & de Groot, Jiska, 2019. "Understanding energy transitions: The changing versions of the modern infrastructure ideal and the ‘energy underclass’ in South Africa, 1860–2019," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).
    2. Xolisiwe Sinalo Grangxabe & Thabang Maphanga & Benett Siyabonga Madonsela & Babalwa Gqomfa & Takalani Terry Phungela & Karabo Concelia Malakane & Kgabo Humphrey Thamaga & Daniel Angwenyi, 2023. "The Escalation of Informal Settlement and the High Levels of Illegal Dumping Post-Apartheid: Systematic Review," Challenges, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-15, September.
    3. Mabon, Leslie & Shih, Wan-Yu, 2018. "What might ‘just green enough’ urban development mean in the context of climate change adaptation? The case of urban greenspace planning in Taipei Metropolis, Taiwan," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 224-238.
    4. Clive Barnett, 2014. "What Do Cities Have to Do with Democracy?," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 38(5), pages 1625-1643, September.

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