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Development of Chinese Agriculture since WTO Accession

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  • Colin A. Carter
  • Funing Zhong
  • Jing Zhu

Abstract

Development of Chinese Agriculture since WTO Accession This article discusses the main agricultural impacts of China’s WTO accession and the associated challenges. We elaborate on four issues – agricultural production and trade, food security and self‐sufficiency, farmers’ incomes, and rural land reform. After more than seven years of WTO accession, the value of China’s agricultural production and trade has increased and China has turned into a net importer of agricultural products. Globally, China now ranks as the fifth largest agricultural exporter and fourth largest agricultural importer. Although considerable resource shifts have taken place from land‐intensive towards labour‐intensive agricultural products in both production and trade, this transfer remains well below the potential due to trade barriers facing China’s exports of labour‐intensive agricultural products. Farmers’ incomes increased after WTO entry, with a growing off‐farm portion linked closely with world economic cycles. Rural land reform to improve economies of scale will require complementary policy aimed at a fully integrated labour and housing market, as well as a unified education and social welfare system for all of China’s society. We argue that WTO accession has impacted China’s agriculture in a positive fashion and has improved the efficiency of the sector, but accession has also given rise to new agricultural policy challenges. Cet article examine les principales incidences de l’accession de la Chine à l’OMC sur l’agriculture et les défis que cela a posés. Quatre questions sont développées : la production et les échanges agricoles; la sécurité alimentaire et l’autosuffisance; les revenus des agriculteurs et la réforme foncière dans les zones rurales. Plus de sept années après l’accession, la valeur de la production et des échanges agricoles de la Chine a augmenté et le pays est devenu importateur net de produits agricoles. Au niveau mondial, la Chine se place maintenant au cinquième rang des exportateurs agricoles et au quatrième rang des importateurs. Bien que des ressources considérables aient été transférées des produits agricoles utilisant la terre de manière intensive vers ceux intensifs en main d’œuvre, à la fois pour la production et les échanges, ce transfert reste bien inférieur à son niveau potentiel du fait des barrières tarifaires auxquelles les exportations chinoises de produits agricoles intensifs en main d’œuvre sont confrontées. Les revenus des agriculteurs ont augmenté après l’accession à l’OMC, une part croissante de ces revenus n’étant pas liée à l’agriculture mais suivant de près les cycles économiques mondiaux. La réforme foncière dans les zones rurales visant à améliorer les économies d’échelle demandera àêtre accompagnée d’autres politiques visant à intégrer complètement les marchés du travail et du logement, ainsi que de systèmes d’éducation et de sécurité sociale communs à l’ensemble de la société chinoise. Nous avançons que l’accession à l’OMC a eu une influence positive sur l’agriculture chinoise et a amélioré l’efficience du secteur mais qu’elle a également fait apparaître de nouveaux défis pour la politique agricole. Dieser Beitrag erörtert die wesentlichen Auswirkungen des WTO Beitritts Chinas auf die Landwirtschaft und die damit verbundenen Herausforderungen. Wir beleuchten vier Punkte: Agrarproduktion und –handel, Ernährungssicherung und Selbstversorgung, Einkommen der Landwirte und die rurale Bodenreform. Mehr als sieben Jahre nach dem WTO‐Beitritt sind Chinas Agrarproduktion und –handel gestiegen, und China ist mittlerweile ein Nettoimporteur für Agrarprodukte. China ist nun der fünftgrößte Agrarexporteur und der viertgrößte Agrarimporteur weltweit. Obwohl sowohl in Produktion als auch im Handel eine bedeutende Entwicklung von land‐ hin zu arbeitsintensiven Agrarprodukten stattgefunden hat, bleibt diese Entwicklung hinter ihrem Potenzial zurück, weil die chinesischen Exporte von arbeitsintensiven Agrarprodukten mit Handelshemmnissen belegt sind. Die Einkommen der Landwirte sind seit dem WTO‐Beitritt gestiegen, wobei der zunehmende Anteil an außerlandwirtschaftlichem Einkommen stark an globale Konjunkturzyklen gekoppelt ist. Die rurale Bodenreform zur Steigerung von Skaleneffekten erfordert ergänzende Politikmaßnahmen, die auf einen voll integrierten Arbeits‐ und Wohnungsmarkt, ein einheitliches Bildungssystem sowie soziale Sicherungssysteme für die gesamte chinesische Gesellschaft abzielen. Unserer Ansicht nach hat sich der WTO‐Beitritt positiv auf Chinas Landwirtschaft ausgewirkt und die Effizienz auf diesem Sektor erhöht; der Beitritt hält jedoch auch neue Herausforderungen für die Agrarpolitik bereit.

Suggested Citation

  • Colin A. Carter & Funing Zhong & Jing Zhu, 2009. "Development of Chinese Agriculture since WTO Accession," EuroChoices, The Agricultural Economics Society, vol. 8(2), pages 10-16, August.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:eurcho:v:8:y:2009:i:2:p:10-16
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1746-692X.2009.00126.x
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Jikun Huang & Yu Liu & Will Martin & Scott Rozelle, 2010. "Agricultural Trade Reform and Rural Prosperity: Lessons from China," NBER Chapters, in: China's Growing Role in World Trade, pages 397-423, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    2. Ziping Wu & Ken Thomson, 2003. "Changes in Chinese Competitiveness in Major Food Products: Implications for WTO Membership," Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 1(1), pages 117-130.
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    Cited by:

    1. Kleinwechter, Ulrich & Grethe, Harald, 2012. "Policy impacts under alternative land market regimes in rural China," 2012 Conference, August 18-24, 2012, Foz do Iguacu, Brazil 125860, International Association of Agricultural Economists.
    2. Amèvi Rocard Kouwoaye, 2021. "GATT/WTO membership–poverty nexus: An unconditional quantile regression approach," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 44(11), pages 3389-3421, November.
    3. Ma, Meilin & Wang, H. Holly & Hua, Yizhou & Qin, Fei & Yang, Jing, 2021. "African swine fever in China: Impacts, responses, and policy implications," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 102(C).
    4. Kleinwechter, Ulrich & Grethe, Harald, 2012. "Trade policy impacts under alternative land market regimes in rural China," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 23(4), pages 1071-1089.

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