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Multifunctional Agriculture ‐ Real Concerns, or Just an Excuse? La multifonctionnalité de l'agriculture ‐ Une préoccupation réelle ou une simple excuse? Multifunktionale Landwirtschaft ‐ echte Belange oder nur eine Ausrede?

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  • Terje Riis Johansen

Abstract

Multifunctional Excuse? Agriculture ‐ Real Concerns, or Just an Excuse? Economic trade theories show that rational governments would not subsidize their farmers but would support free trade and ensure that comparative advantages were exploited. Despite this, governments all over the world choose to subsidize their agricultural sector. We must recognize that agricultural food production is different from other types of production. No country can afford to put an end to the environmental, cultural and national identity issues associated with domestic food production. International systems for trade and economic cooperation must take into account that conditions vary greatly between countries, and room must therefore be left for domestic adjustments that suit nationally defined goals, values and conditions. Norway has particularly challenging conditions for agricultural production with a harsh climate and low population density Still the multifunctional values of agricultural production are goals in themselves and in certain cases these values cannot be produced without agricultural production itself. Theorists must take this into account in developing useful theoretical models that will help us politicians develop good policies. This is also true for values and costs that future environmental challenges, like climate change, will offer. Economic researchers are faced with the challenge of including both non‐tradable values as well as environmental concerns when shaping future economic models. Les théories économiques sur le commerce montrent que les pouvoirs publics guidés par un esprit rationnel ne subventionneraient pas leur agriculture mais soutiendraient le libre‐échange et feraient en sorte que les avantages comparatifs soient exploités. En dépit de cela, partout dans le monde, les pouvoirs publics choisissent de subventionner leur secteur agricole. Nous devons reconnaître que la production agricole alimentaire est différentes des autres types de production. Aucun pays ne peut se permettre de sacrifi er les questions d'identité nationale, de culture et d'environnement associées à la production agricole alimentaire. Les systèmes de coopération internationale commerciale et économique doivent tenir compte de la grande diversité des situations nationales et doivent laisser aux pays une certaine fl exibilité qui respecte leurs objectifs internes, leurs valeurs et leur situation. La Norvège, avec son rude climat et sa faible densité de population, a des conditions particulièrement difficiles pour la production agricole. Pourtant, les valeurs multifonctionnelles qu'apporte la production agricole sont des buts en soi et dans certains cas, elles ne peuvent être conservées en l'absence de production agricole. Les théoriciens doivent en tenir compte lorsqu'ils développent des modèles théoriques qui pourront aider les décideurs de l'action publique à développer des politiques appropriées. Cela concerne aussi les coûts et avantages que poseront les défi s environnementaux futurs comme le changement climatique. Les chercheurs en économie sont confrontés à la diffi culté de prendre en compte à la fois des valeurs non échangeables et des préoccupations environnementales lorsqu'ils conçoivent les modèles économiques du futur. Ökonomische Handelstheorien zeigen, dass rationale Regierungen ihre Landwirte fi nanziell nicht unterstützen, sondern den freien Handel fördern sowie sicherstellen würden, dass komparative Vorteile genutzt werden. Ungeachtet dessen entscheiden sich weltweit Regierungen dafür, den Agrarsektor zu subventionieren. Wir müssen zur Kenntnis nehmen, dass sich die landwirtschaftliche Nahrungsmittelproduktion von anderen Produktionsarten unterscheidet. Kein Land kann es sich leisten, die mit der inländischen Nahrungsmittelproduktion verbundenen Bereiche von Umwelt, Kultur und nationaler Identität außer acht zu lassen. Internationale Systeme für den Handel und die wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit müssen berücksichtigen, dass die Situation von Land zu Land sehr unterschiedlich ist und daher Platz gelassen werden muss, um im Inland Anpassungen vornehmen zu können, welche den auf nationaler Ebene gesetzten Zielen, Werten und Bedingungen Rechnung tragen. Im Hinblick auf die landwirtschaftliche Produktion stellt die Situation in Norwegen aufgrund des rauen Klimas und der geringen Bevölkerungsdichte eine besondere Herausforderung dar. Dennoch handelt es sich bei den multifunktionalen Werten der landwirtschaftlichen Produktion um Ziele, welche einen intrinsischen Wert besitzen, und in bestimmten Fällen können diese Werte nicht ohne die landwirtschaftliche Produktion selbst erreicht werden. Theoretiker müssen dies bei der Entwicklung von brauchbaren theoretischen Modellen berücksichtigen, welche uns Politikern bei der Entwicklung guter Politikmaßnahmen hilfreich sind. Dies gilt ebenfalls für Werte und Kosten, welche zukünftige ökologische Herausforderungen wie z.B. der Klimawandel nach sich ziehen werden. Wrtschaftsforscher stehen der Herausforderung gegenüber, bei der Ausgestaltung zukünftiger Wirtschaftsmodelle sowohl nicht handelbaren Werten als auch ökologischen Belangen Rechnung zu tragen.

Suggested Citation

  • Terje Riis Johansen, 2007. "Multifunctional Agriculture ‐ Real Concerns, or Just an Excuse? La multifonctionnalité de l'agriculture ‐ Une préoccupation réelle ou une simple excuse? Multifunktionale Landwirtschaft ‐ echte Belange," EuroChoices, The Agricultural Economics Society, vol. 6(3), pages 6-12, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:eurcho:v:6:y:2007:i:3:p:6-12
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1746-692X.2007.00069.x
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    1. Arild Vatn, 2002. "Multifunctional agriculture: some consequences for international trade regimes," European Review of Agricultural Economics, Oxford University Press and the European Agricultural and Applied Economics Publications Foundation, vol. 29(3), pages 309-327, July.
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