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Syndemic theory and HIV-related risk among young transgender women: The role of multiple, co-occurring health problems and social marginalization

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  • Brennan, J.
  • Kuhns, L.M.
  • Johnson, A.K.
  • Belzer, M.
  • Wilson, E.C.
  • Garofalo, R.

Abstract

Objectives. We assessed whether multiple psychosocial factors are additive in their relationship to sexual risk behavior and self-reported HIV status (i.e., can be characterized as a syndemic) among young transgender women and the relationship of indicators of social marginalization to psychosocial factors. Methods. Participants (n = 151) were aged 15 to 24 years and lived in Chicago or Los Angeles. We collected data on psychosocial factors (low self-esteem, polysubstance use, victimization related to transgender identity, and intimate partner violence) and social marginalization indicators (history of commercial sex work, homelessness, and incarceration) through an interviewer-administered survey. Results. Syndemic factors were positively and additively related to sexual risk behavior and self-reported HIV infection. In addition, our syndemic index was significantly related to 2 indicators of social marginalization: a history of sex work and previous incarceration. Conclusions. These findings provide evidence for a syndemic of co-occurring psychosocial and health problems in young transgender women, taking place in a context of social marginalization.

Suggested Citation

  • Brennan, J. & Kuhns, L.M. & Johnson, A.K. & Belzer, M. & Wilson, E.C. & Garofalo, R., 2012. "Syndemic theory and HIV-related risk among young transgender women: The role of multiple, co-occurring health problems and social marginalization," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 102(9), pages 1751-1757.
    • Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/ajph.2011.300433_0
    DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300433
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    Cited by:

    1. María Eugenia Socías & Brandon D L Marshall & Inés Arístegui & Virginia Zalazar & Marcela Romero & Omar Sued & Thomas Kerr, 2014. "Towards Full Citizenship: Correlates of Engagement with the Gender Identity Law among Transwomen in Argentina," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(8), pages 1-6, August.
    2. Danya Lagos, 2018. "Looking at Population Health Beyond “Male” and “Female”: Implications of Transgender Identity and Gender Nonconformity for Population Health," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 55(6), pages 2097-2117, December.
    3. Moses Okumu & Youn Kyoung Kim & Jane E Sanders & Timothy Makubuya & Eusebius Small & Jun Sung Hong, 2020. "Gender-Specific Pathways between Face-to-Face and Cyber Bullying Victimization, Depressive Symptoms, and Academic Performance among U.S. Adolescents," Child Indicators Research, Springer;The International Society of Child Indicators (ISCI), vol. 13(6), pages 2205-2223, December.
    4. Ethan C Cicero & Sari L Reisner & Elizabeth I Merwin & Janice C Humphreys & Susan G Silva, 2020. "The health status of transgender and gender nonbinary adults in the United States," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(2), pages 1-20, February.
    5. Turner, Caitlin M. & Arayasirikul, Sean & Wilson, Erin C., 2021. "Disparities in HIV-related risk and socio-economic outcomes among trans women in the sex trade and effects of a targeted, anti-sex-trafficking policy," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 270(C).

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