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Die Theorie der optimalen Währungsräume und die politische Reformfähigkeit: Ein vernachlässigtes Kriterium

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  • Heinemann, Friedrich

Abstract

In diesem Beitrag wird neben einem kurzen Überblick über die Argumentationsweise und Probleme der Theorie optimaler Währungsräume ein neues Beurteilungskriterium vorgestellt: die politische Reformfähigkeit potentieller Mitgliedstaaten einer Währungsunion. Hintergrund für diese Erweiterung ist das in Deutschland, aber auch in manchen anderen EU-Staaten, zu beobachtende Phänomen, daß es vielfach nicht gelingt, wirtschaftspolitische Reformen zu realisieren, die im Prinzip von breiten Bevölkerungs- und Parlamentsmehrheiten für notwendig erachtet werden. Politische Reformfähigkeit kann aber gerade in einer Währungsunion von großem Nutzen sein, wenn asymmetrische Schocks auftreten und wenn man davon ausgeht, daß den staatlich gesetzten Determinanten eine hohe Bedeutung für die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit einer Volkswirtschaft zukommt. Länder mit einer hohen inneren Reformfähigkeit eignen sich in doppelter Weise für eine Währungsunion, in der das Instrument des anpassungsfähigen nominalen Wechselkurses nicht mehr existiert. In diesen Ländern können direkt staatlich kontrollierte Parameter der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit wie etwa die Belastung von Unternehmen und Arbeitnehmern mit Steuern und Sozialversicherungen in die notwendige Richtung verändert werden. Indirekt wirkt sich die Reformfähigkeit positiv auch auf die Wirkungsweise anderer Anpassungsinstrumente, wie vor allem der Lohnflexibilität, aus. Aus dieser Erweiterung der Theorie der optimalen Währungsräume resultiert Skepsis gegenüber Tendenzen, die wirtschaftspolitische Autonomie der Mitgliedstaaten beispielsweise auf dem Gebiet der ?Beschäftigungspolitik? durch Kompetenzverlagerung auf die europäische Ebene zu beschneiden. Wenn es mit Beginn der Währungsunion darum geht, neue Instrumente zur Verarbeitung länderspezifischer Schocks zu finden, dann muß ein Autonomieverlust der nationalen Wirtschaftspolitik gerade vermieden werden. Asymmetrische Schocks machen möglicherweise auch asymmetrische Reformen notwendig.

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  • Heinemann, Friedrich, 1998. "Die Theorie der optimalen Währungsräume und die politische Reformfähigkeit: Ein vernachlässigtes Kriterium," ZEW Discussion Papers 98-02, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
  • Handle: RePEc:zbw:zewdip:5177
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Lenk, Thomas & Lück, Oliver, 2011. "Auswirkungen der Eurokrise auf Sachsen und allgemeine Implikationen der Krise," Arbeitspapiere des Lehrstuhls Finanzwissenschaft 43, University of Leipzig, Institute of Public Finance and Public Management.

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    JEL classification:

    • H00 - Public Economics - - General - - - General
    • F33 - International Economics - - International Finance - - - International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions

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