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Does education expenditure lead or lag GDP ? Malaysian evidence

Author

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  • Azmi, Muhammad Saifullah
  • Masih, Mansur

Abstract

This study focuses on the lead-lag relationship between education expenditure and GDP. Malaysia is taken as a case study. Given numerous initiatives and efforts introduced by the government to develop the education sector, it is interesting to investigate whether GDP drives education expenditure or the other way around. Based on rigorous methodology of standard time series techniques, in particular the Generalized variance decompositions (GVDC), the estimates tend to indicate that it is the GDP that is driving education expenditure and not the other way around. This finding is plausible and has strong policy implications for a developing country like Malaysia. Therefore, the budget and policies on education expenditure would be driven and determined by the overall economic performance embodied in GDP.

Suggested Citation

  • Azmi, Muhammad Saifullah & Masih, Mansur, 2018. "Does education expenditure lead or lag GDP ? Malaysian evidence," MPRA Paper 108891, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    • Handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:108891
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    File URL: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/108891/1/MPRA_paper_108891.pdf
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
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    6. Sok-Gee Chan Mohd & Zaini Abd Karim, 2012. "Public Spending Efficiency And Political And Economic Factors: Evidence From Selected East Asian Countries," Economic Annals, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Belgrade, vol. 57(193), pages 7-24, April- Ju.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    GDP; Education expenditure; VECM; VDC; Malaysia;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C22 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models; Diffusion Processes
    • C58 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric Modeling - - - Financial Econometrics
    • E44 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Money and Interest Rates - - - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy
    • I25 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Education and Economic Development

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