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Implications of water scarcity for economic growth

Author

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  • Thomas W. Hertel

    (Purdue University)

  • Jing Liu

    (Purdue University)

Abstract

Global freshwater demand is projected to increase substantially in the coming decades, making water one of the most fiercely contested resources on the planet. Water is linked to many economic activities, and there are complex channels through which water affects economic growth. The purpose of this report is to provide background information useful for a quantitative global assessment of the impact of water scarcity on growth using a multi-region, recursive-dynamic, Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model. The paper provides a detailed review of the literature on water, water scarcity, sectoral activity and economic growth, and identifies the possibilities and bottlenecks in incorporating water use into a CGE framework. It covers agricultural water consumption, with special attention to irrigation, water use in energy production, and demands for water by households, industry and services. Finally, it discusses water supply and allocation. Based on the evidence assembled, there appear to have been relatively few instances in which water scarcity has significantly slowed the long term rate of national economic growth. Furthermore, in reviewing the literature on water demand, the ample opportunities for conserving water across the board are striking, including in the electric power sector, the production of industrial steam, residential consumption, and irrigated agriculture. In our opinion, the main reason why such substitution has not been more widespread to date is due to the absence of economic incentives for conservation. The presence of large inter-sectoral distortion heightens the need for general equilibrium analysis. But implementation of a global CGE model with detailed representation of water demand and supply will be a significant undertaking. It is essential to break out water from the other inputs in the CGE model, treat water as both an input and an output, and add sectoral detail, with special attention to crop irrigation. Furthermore, there are challenges in assigning appropriate values to water and specifying allocation rules for dealing with water scarcity. La demande mondiale d’eau douce devrait augmenter de manière substantielles dans les prochaines décennies, faisant de l’eau l’une des ressources les plus disputées de la planète. L’eau est liée à toutes les activités économiques et affecte la croissance par de multiples canaux. Le but de ce rapport est de donner les éléments de fond qui sont utiles à la mise en place d’une évaluation globale de l’impact de la rareté en eau sur la croissance économique dans un modèle d’équilibre général calculable (EGC) multi-périodes et multi-régions. Ce papier fournit une revue détaillée de la littérature sur l’eau, la rareté en eau, l’activité sectorielle et la croissance économique; et identifie les possibilités et les goulots d’étranglement en incorporant l’utilisation de l’eau dans le cadre d’un EGC. Il couvre la consommation d’eau pour l’agriculture, avec une attention particulière pour l’irrigation, ainsi que l’utilisation de l’eau pour la production d’énergie, et la demande d’eau des ménages, de l’industrie et des services. Enfin, il discute du problème de la fourniture d’eau et de son allocation. Sur la base des éléments rassemblés, il semble qu’il y ait eu relativement peu d’exemples où la rareté en eau ait ralenti significativement le taux de croissance économique de long terme. De plus, en considérant la littérature sur la demande en eau, il est frappant de voir les grandes opportunités qui existent pour économiser l’eau, notamment dans les secteurs de la production d’électricité, de vapeur pour l’industrie, dans la consommation résidentielle et l’agriculture irriguée. Selon nous, la principale raison pour laquelle une telle substitution ne s’est pas diffusée jusqu’à présent est liée à l’absence d’incitations économiques à utiliser moins d’eau. L’existence de larges distorsions entre les secteurs rend hautement nécessaire une analyse d’équilibre général. Mais la mise en place d’un modèle EGC mondial avec une représentation détaillée de l’offre et de la demande d’eau sera une entreprise importante. Il est essentiel de séparer l’eau des autres inputs de l’EGC, de traiter l’eau à la fois comme un input et un output, et d’ajouter du détail sectoriel, avec une attention spécifique portée sur les cultures irriguées. De plus, il y a des défis à relever pour donner à l’eau une valeur dans le modèle et pour spécifier les règles d’allocation en cas de rareté.

Suggested Citation

  • Thomas W. Hertel & Jing Liu, 2016. "Implications of water scarcity for economic growth," OECD Environment Working Papers 109, OECD Publishing.
  • Handle: RePEc:oec:envaaa:109-en
    DOI: 10.1787/5jlssl611r32-en
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    Cited by:

    1. Pérez-Blanco, C. D & Standardi, G., 2019. "Farm waters run deep: a coupled positive multi-attribute utility programming and computable general equilibrium model to assess the economy-wide impacts of water buyback," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 213(C), pages 336-351.
    2. Sass, Karina Simone & Haddad, Eduardo Amaral & Mendiondo, Eduardo Mario, 2023. "Impacts of Droughts on Economic Activities in The São Paulo Metropolitan Area," TD NEREUS 4-2023, Núcleo de Economia Regional e Urbana da Universidade de São Paulo (NEREUS).
    3. Nicoleta Ungureanu & Valentin Vlăduț & Gheorghe Voicu, 2020. "Water Scarcity and Wastewater Reuse in Crop Irrigation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(21), pages 1-18, October.
    4. Perez Blanco, C.D., 2018. "Waters run deep: A coupled Revealed Preference and CGE model to assess the economy-wide impacts of agricultural water buyback," 2018 Conference, July 28-August 2, 2018, Vancouver, British Columbia 277028, International Association of Agricultural Economists.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    CGE model; croissance économique; demande d’eau; economic growth; modèle EGC; rareté en eau; water scarcity; water use;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C68 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Mathematical Methods; Programming Models; Mathematical and Simulation Modeling - - - Computable General Equilibrium Models
    • O44 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity - - - Environment and Growth
    • Q15 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Agriculture - - - Land Ownership and Tenure; Land Reform; Land Use; Irrigation; Agriculture and Environment
    • Q25 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Renewable Resources and Conservation - - - Water

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