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Shifting Responsibilities - 20 Years of Education Devolution in Sweden: A Governing Complex Education Systems Case Study

Author

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  • Patrick Blanchenay

    (OECD)

  • Tracey Burns

    (OECD)

  • Florian Köster

    (OECD)

Abstract

This case study examines the consequences of important education decentralisation reforms that took place in Sweden in the early 1990s. The sudden shift away from a traditionally centralised education system towards a decentralised one meant that municipalities had to quickly accommodate new responsibilities. Difficulties related to this shift were noticed early on and then confirmed by international surveys, in particular PISA, which revealed that student performance was deteriorating while the gap increased between and top- and bottom-performers. Key elements to this include the fact that decentralisation took place without enough support from the central authorities, municipalities (particularly smaller ones) lacked local capacity to manage their new responsibilities, and as a result the reform has resulted in a mismatch between official responsibilities and the actual powers of the various stakeholders. The central government, steering education at arm’s length, has few tools to incentivise compliance with national goals. At the municipal level, financial resources are often allocated based on tradition and local politics rather than actual needs. This is in part due to misuse of available data and of expert knowledge by decision-makers. The case study also provides a series of recommendations for improvement. L’étude de cas présentée ici examine les conséquences d’importantes réformes de décentralisation du système éducatif suédois qui ont eu lieu au début des années 1990. La transition soudaine d’un système éducatif traditionnellement centralisé vers un système décentralisé a forcé les municipalités à assumer rapidement des responsabilités nouvelles pour elles. Des difficultés ont été remarquées tôt dans la transition, et ont plus tard été confirmées par des études internationales, en particulier PISA, qui ont révélé des performances scolaires en baisse, et un élargissement du fossé entre les meilleurs et les moins bons élèves. Parmi les facteurs clé de cette évolution : la décentralisation a eu lieu sans un support adéquat de la part des autorités centrales, les municipalités (en particulier celles de petite taille) ne disposaient pas localement des capacités nécessaires pour assumer leurs nouvelles responsabilités, ce qui a abouti à un manque d’alignement entre les responsabilités officielles et les capacités effectives des différents acteurs. Le gouvernement central, dirigeant le système éducatif avec distance, a peu d’outils à sa disposition pour inciter les municipalités à atteindre les objectifs nationaux. Au niveau municipal, les ressources financières sont souvent allouées en fonction des traditions, et des débats politiques locaux, plutôt qu’en accord avec les besoins réels. Cela est en partie dû au mauvais usage par les décideurs locaux des données disponibles ainsi que des connaissances des experts. L’étude de cas suggère un ensemble de pistes d’amélioration.

Suggested Citation

  • Patrick Blanchenay & Tracey Burns & Florian Köster, 2014. "Shifting Responsibilities - 20 Years of Education Devolution in Sweden: A Governing Complex Education Systems Case Study," OECD Education Working Papers 104, OECD Publishing.
  • Handle: RePEc:oec:eduaab:104-en
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2jg1rqrd7-en
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    Cited by:

    1. Zlata Bruckauf & Yekaterina Chzhen & UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, 2016. "Education for All? Measuring inequality of educational outcomes among 15-year-olds across 39 industrialized nations," Papers inwopa843, Innocenti Working Papers.

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