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Climate Change Policies in Poland: Minimising Abatement Costs

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  • Balázs Égert

    (OECD)

Abstract

Poland is on track to meet its international greenhouse-gas emissions commitments. However, it will need to cut emissions significantly in the future, if the European Commission’s proposal on the Low Carbon Roadmap is adopted. Policies should ensure that the country’s substantial reduction potential, mainly linked to the energy sector’s high emissions intensity, and implying overall abatement costs above the EU-average, is realised in a least-cost fashion by imposing an economy-wide single carbon price. This stands in contrast with current explicit and implicit carbon prices, which vary widely across different sectors of the economy. Crucial to least-cost abatement is also a high responsiveness to the EU-ETS carbon price signal. While Poland has made good progress in complying with EU regulations related to the energy sector, the large share of public ownership and the lack of effective separation between electricity producers and distributors may blur the price signal for investment decisions in generation capacity. The isolation of the Polish electricity market implies a need for more investment in low-emission technologies in Poland to achieve a given emissions-reduction target, whereas a deeper integration with neighbouring electricity markets would spread the burden more efficiently across countries. The cost-efficiency advantage of uniform support to renewables via green certificates should be retained to minimise abatement costs. Government policies aimed at a higher share of nuclear power and natural gas from shale formations need to take fully into account tail risks and the short- and long-term environmental costs of the use of the former and fully consider environmental risks related to extraction of the latter. Energy efficiency policies can help to address market failure but should not be allowed to distort relative carbon prices. This Working Paper relates to the 2012 OECD Economic Review of Poland (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/Poland). Politiques liées au changement climatique en Pologne : minimiser les coûts de réduction des émissions La Pologne est en voie de tenir ses engagements internationaux en matière d’émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Elle devra toutefois réduire sensiblement ses émissions à l’avenir si la proposition de la Commission européenne concernant la Feuille de route pour une économie sobre en carbone est adoptée. Les politiques mises en oeuvre devraient s’attacher à exploiter au moindre coût l’important potentiel de réduction des émissions du pays, principalement lié à la forte intensité d’émissions du secteur de l’énergie et qui implique des coûts globaux de réduction supérieurs à la moyenne de l’UE, en imposant un prix unique du carbone pour toute l’économie. Cet objectif contraste avec les prix explicites et implicites actuels du carbone, qui sont très variables selon les secteurs. Une forte sensibilité aux signaux de prix du carbone fournis par le SCEQE est également essentielle à la réduction des émissions au moindre coût. En dépit des progrès significatifs accomplis par la Pologne pour se conformer aux réglementations de l’UE dans le secteur énergétique, l’importance de l’actionnariat public et l’absence de séparation effective entre les producteurs et les distributeurs d’électricité peuvent brouiller le signal de prix pour les décisions d’investissement dans les capacités de production. L’isolement du marché polonais de l’électricité implique qu’il faudra procéder à de plus lourds investissements dans les technologies sobres en émissions pour atteindre un objectif donné de réduction des émissions, alors qu’une intégration plus poussée avec les marchés de l’électricité des pays voisins permettrait un partage plus efficient des coûts entre les différents pays. Il faudrait maintenir l’avantage coût-efficacité du système de soutien uniforme aux énergies renouvelables sous forme de certificats verts en vue de minimiser les coûts de réduction des émissions. Les politiques publiques destinées à accroître la part de l’énergie nucléaire et du gaz naturel à partir des gisements de schiste doivent tenir pleinement compte des risques d’événements extrêmes et des coûts environnementaux à court et long termes de l’utilisation du nucléaire, et intégrer pleinement les risques environnementaux potentiels induits par l’extraction des schistes bitumineux. Les politiques axées sur l’efficacité énergétique peuvent contribuer à remédier aux défaillances du marché, mais elles ne devraient pas aller jusqu’à fausser les prix relatifs du carbone. Ce Document de travail se rapporte à l’Étude économique de l’OCDE de la Pologne 2012 (www.oecd.org/eco/etudes/Pologne).

Suggested Citation

  • Balázs Égert, 2012. "Climate Change Policies in Poland: Minimising Abatement Costs," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 953, OECD Publishing.
  • Handle: RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:953-en
    DOI: 10.1787/5k9b7bz18m0x-en
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    Cited by:

    1. Rokicki, Bartlomiej & de Souza, Kenia Barreiro & de Santana Ribeiro, Luiz Carlos, 2023. "Modelling the Effects of the EU Emissions Trading System in Poland: A Comparison Between IO And CGE Results," Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy, Mid-Continent Regional Science Association, vol. 53(2), 14.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    abatement cost; carbon price; coût d'abattement; environmental policies; externalités négatives; GHG emissions; global warming; negative externalities; nuclear power; politiques environnementales; renewables; réchauffement climatique; émissions de GES; énergie renouvelable; énergies nucléaire;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • H23 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
    • Q41 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Energy - - - Demand and Supply; Prices
    • Q42 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Energy - - - Alternative Energy Sources
    • Q48 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Energy - - - Government Policy
    • Q52 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Pollution Control Adoption and Costs; Distributional Effects; Employment Effects
    • Q53 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Noise; Hazardous Waste; Solid Waste; Recycling
    • Q54 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Climate; Natural Disasters and their Management; Global Warming
    • Q58 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Environmental Economics: Government Policy

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