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An investigation into improving the real-time reliability of OECD output gap estimates

Author

Listed:
  • David Turner

    (OECD)

  • Maria Chiara Cavalleri

    (OECD)

  • Yvan Guillemette

    (OECD)

  • Alexandre Kopoin

    (OECD)

  • Patrice Ollivaud

    (OECD)

  • Elena Rusticelli

Abstract

Estimates of the output gap ought to be a useful guide for macroeconomic policy, both for assessing inflationary pressures and fiscal sustainability, but their reliability has been called into question by the large revisions which they are often subject to, particularly around turning points. Revisions to OECD published estimates of the output gap around the period of the financial crisis have been exceptionally large, with by far the largest contribution to these revisions coming from the labour-efficiency gap. The current paper investigates a modification to the standard OECD production function method for deriving potential output, which involves an additional cyclical adjustment in the derivation of trend labour efficiency. The additional adjustment helps to reduce the occurrence of large end-point revisions and of sign switches between the initial and final estimates of the labour-efficiency gap. The variables which are most often found to be useful in providing this cyclical adjustment of labour efficiency are manufacturing capacity utilisation and the investment share. However, for a few countries additional variables – house prices and credit – have been used to provide the cyclical adjustment, although this raises an issue as to whether the cyclical adjustment should be limited to a core set of variables to ensure the method remains reasonably homogenous across countries. Recent improvements to the specification of the Phillips curve, which imply a tighter fit between the unemployment gap and inflation, should also reduce end-point revisions to the unemployment gap in future. Améliorer la fiabilité en temps réel des estimations d'écarts de production de l'OCDE : une investigation Les estimations de l’écart de production devraient être un guide utile à la politique macroéconomique, à la fois pour mesurer les pressions inflationnistes et la viabilité de la politique fiscale, mais leur validité et leur fiabilité ont été mises en question par les larges révisions dont elles ont souvent fait l’objet, particulièrement autour des points de retournements. Les révisions concernant les estimations de l’écart de production publiées par l’OCDE autour de la période de la crise financière ont été exceptionnellement larges, en majeure partie à cause de révisions aux écarts de productivité (efficience du travail). Cette étude examine une modification de la méthode usuelle utilisée par l’OCDE pour le calcul de la production potentielle, basée sur une fonction de production, qui rajoute un ajustement cyclique additionnel au niveau du calcul de l’efficience du travail. Cet ajustement additionnel permet de réduire l’occurrence de larges révisions dues à la sensibilité des filtres aux points terminaux et du changement de signe entre les estimations initiales et finales des écarts de productivité. Les variables s’avérant les plus utiles pour cet ajustement cyclique sont le taux d’utilisation des capacités du secteur manufacturier et la part de l’investissement dans le PIB. Cependant, pour quelques pays, des variables additionnelles comme les prix des logements et le crédit ont été utilisées pour effectuer cet ajustement cyclique, quoique cela soulève la question de savoir si l’ajustement cyclique devrait être limité à un noyau de variables de base pour assurer l’homogénéité de la méthode entre pays. Des améliorations récentes sur la spécification de la courbe de Phillips, dont découle une correspondance plus stricte entre écarts de chômage et inflation, devraient aussi permettre de réduire les révisions des écarts du chômage dans le futur.

Suggested Citation

  • David Turner & Maria Chiara Cavalleri & Yvan Guillemette & Alexandre Kopoin & Patrice Ollivaud & Elena Rusticelli, 2016. "An investigation into improving the real-time reliability of OECD output gap estimates," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 1294, OECD Publishing.
  • Handle: RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1294-en
    DOI: 10.1787/5jm0qwpqmz34-en
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    Cited by:

    1. Narek Ghazaryan, 2014. "Short Term Forecasting System of Private Demand Components in Armenia," Working Papers 3, Central Bank of the Republic of Armenia, revised Dec 2015.
    2. Paloviita, Maritta & Ikonen, Pasi, 2016. "How to explain errors in budget balance forecasts in euro area countries? Empirical evidence based on real-time data," Bank of Finland Research Discussion Papers 17/2016, Bank of Finland.
    3. Debrun, Xavier & Jonung, Lars, 2019. "Under threat: Rules-based fiscal policy and how to preserve it," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 142-157.
    4. Pablo Hernández de Cos & Aitor Lacuesta & Enrique Moral-Benito, 2016. "An exploration of real-time revisions of output gap estimates across European countries," Occasional Papers 1605, Banco de España.
    5. Lorenzo Burlon & Paolo D'Imperio, 2019. "The euro-area output gap through the lens of a DSGE model," Questioni di Economia e Finanza (Occasional Papers) 477, Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area.
    6. M. Deroose & A. Rannenberg & J. Wauters, 2019. "Separating the trend from the cycle : The debate on euro area potential output and implications for monetary policy," Economic Review, National Bank of Belgium, issue ii, pages 7-28, September.
    7. Kilic Celik, Sinem & Kose, Ayhan M. & Ohnsorge, Franziska & Ruch, Franz, 2023. "Potential Growth: A Global Database," MPRA Paper 116902, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    8. Ali Alichi & Hayk Avetisyan & Douglas Laxton & Shalva Mkhatrishvili & Armen Nurbekyan & Lusine Torosyan & Hou Wang & Armen Nurbekyan & Lusine Torosyan, 2019. "Multivariate Filter Estimation of Potential Output for the United States: An Extension with Labor Market Hysteresis," Working Papers 9, Central Bank of the Republic of Armenia, revised Aug 2019.
    9. Mr. Alvar Kangur & Koralai Kirabaeva & Jean-Marc Natal & Simon Voigts, 2019. "How Informative Are Real Time Output Gap Estimates in Europe?," IMF Working Papers 2019/200, International Monetary Fund.
    10. Paloviita, Maritta & Ikonen, Pasi, 2016. "How to explain errors in budget balance forecasts in euro area countries? Empirical evidence based on real-time data," Research Discussion Papers 17/2016, Bank of Finland.
    11. repec:zbw:bofrdp:2016_017 is not listed on IDEAS
    12. Maritta Paloviita & Pasi Ikonen, 2018. "Real-time uncertainty in budget planning: evidence from euro area countries," Journal of Economic Policy Reform, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 21(4), pages 281-300, October.
    13. Heikki Oksanen, 2018. "New Output Gap Estimates for Assessing Fiscal Policy with Lessons for Euro Area Reform," CESifo Working Paper Series 7287, CESifo.
    14. Burlon, Lorenzo & D’Imperio, Paolo, 2020. "Reliable real-time estimates of the euro-area output gap," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    15. Ms. Burcu Hacibedel & Pierre Mandon & Ms. Priscilla S Muthoora & Nathalie Pouokam, 2019. "Inequality in Good and Bad Times: A Cross-Country Approach," IMF Working Papers 2019/020, International Monetary Fund.
    16. Kate Ivory & Eddie Casey & Niall Conroy, 2020. "Ireland’s Fiscal Spending Multipliers," The Economic and Social Review, Economic and Social Studies, vol. 51(1), pages 133-172.
    17. Maritta Paloviita & Pasi Ikonen, 2018. "Real-time uncertainty in budget planning: evidence from euro area countries," Journal of Economic Policy Reform, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 21(4), pages 281-300, October.
    18. Patrice Ollivaud & Yvan Guillemette & David Turner, 2018. "Investment as a transmission mechanism from weak demand to weak supply and the post-crisis productivity slowdown," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 1466, OECD Publishing.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    crise financière; efficience du travail; financial crisis; fonction de production; labour efficiency; potential output; production function; production potentielle; productivité multifactorielle; total factor productivity;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • E3 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles
    • E32 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles - - - Business Fluctuations; Cycles
    • E5 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit
    • E6 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook

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