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Gender Bias in Intra-Household Allocation of Education in India: Has It Fallen over Time?

Author

Listed:
  • Datta, Sandip

    (University of Delhi)

  • Kingdon, Geeta G.

    (University College London)

Abstract

This paper asks whether gender bias in education expenditure in rural India fell over the two-decade period from 1995 to 2014. We find that instead of falling over time, the channel through which gender bias is practiced changed dramatically over the 20 years. Secondly, the paper demonstrates the usefulness of distinguishing between the two potential channels of gender bias, namely bias in the school enrolment decision, and bias in the conditional educational expenditure decision, rather than in the single unconditional education expenditure decision; this distinction is shown to be important because gender bias in the enrolment decision has greatly fallen but bias in the conditional expenditure decision has significantly risen over time. Thirdly, we find that individual child level data has much greater power to detect gender bias in education spending, compared to household level data. Lastly, household fixed effects analysis shows that the observed gender biases in education spending are a within-household phenomenon in rural India.

Suggested Citation

  • Datta, Sandip & Kingdon, Geeta G., 2019. "Gender Bias in Intra-Household Allocation of Education in India: Has It Fallen over Time?," IZA Discussion Papers 12671, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    • Handle: RePEc:iza:izadps:dp12671
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    Cited by:

    1. Xu, Sijia & Shonchoy, Abu S. & Fujii, Tomoki, 2022. "Assessing gender parity in intrahousehold allocation of educational resources: Evidence from Bangladesh," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    2. Monica Pinilla-Roncancio & Amy E. Ritterbusch & Sharon Sanchez-Franco & Catalina González-Uribe & Sandra García-Jaramillo, 2021. "Conceptual Debates on Poverty Measurement: The Use of Qualitative Expert Consultation to Guide Methodological Decision-making in Designing a Multidimensional Child-Poverty Measure," Child Indicators Research, Springer;The International Society of Child Indicators (ISCI), vol. 14(6), pages 2449-2469, December.
    3. Emran, M. Shahe & Jiang, Hanchen & Shilpi, Forhad, 2020. "Gender Bias and Intergenerational Educational Mobility: Theory and Evidence from China and India," GLO Discussion Paper Series 497, Global Labor Organization (GLO).
    4. Pradeep Kumar Choudhury & Amit Kumar, 2022. "How Much do Households Spend on Professional Higher Education in India? Results from a National Survey," Indian Journal of Human Development, , vol. 16(1), pages 77-96, April.
    5. Harvinder Singh & Angrej Singh Gill & Pradeep Kumar Choudhury, 2023. "Household Expenditure on Secondary Education in Haryana (India): Levels, Patterns and Determinants," Millennial Asia, , vol. 14(4), pages 605-635, December.
    6. Aswathy Rachel Varughese & Indrajit Bairagya, 2023. "Socio-economic inequalities in spending on various levels of education across Indian households: an update," Indian Economic Review, Springer, vol. 58(1), pages 197-229, June.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    gender bias; education expenditure; education and gender; India;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • I24 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Education and Inequality
    • I24 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Education and Inequality

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