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Tempo de Deslocamento Casa - Trabalho no Brasil (1992-2009): Diferenças Entre Regiões Metropolitanas, Níveis de Renda e Sexo

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  • Rafael Henrique Moraes Pereira
  • Tim Schwanen

Abstract

texto tem como objetivo analisar o tempo que a população gasta em deslocamentos urbanos casa-trabalho no Brasil no período compreendido entre 1992 e 2009. A análise enfatiza as diferenças encontradas entre as nove maiores regiões metropolitanas (RMs) do país mais o Distrito Federal (DF), além de destacar como estas diferenças variam de acordo com níveis de renda e sexo. O estudo se baseia nos dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domícilios (PNAD), gerados pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), uma fonte de dados até hoje pouco explorada em estudos sobre transporte urbano no Brasil. A PNAD não é uma pesquisa desenhada com o propósito de investigar a fundo o tema do transporte urbano; no entanto, esta é a única pesquisa amostral de larga escala feita no país com informações sobre o tempo de deslocamento casa-trabalho disponíveis anualmente – desde 1992 – tanto para o nível nacional quanto para o subnacional (estados e regiões metropolitanas). Destacam-se cinco principais resultados: i) o tempo de deslocamento casa-trabalho, que no ano de 2009 era 31% maior nas RMs de São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro se comparado às demais RMs; ii) os trabalhadores de baixa renda (1o decil de renda) fazem viagens, em média, 20% mais longas do que os mais ricos (10o decil), e 19% dos mais pobres gastam mais de uma hora de viagem contra apenas 11% dos mais ricos; iii) esta diferença de tempo de viagem entre ricos e pobres varia entre as RMs, sendo muito maior em Belo Horizonte, Curitiba e no DF, e quase nula em Salvador, Recife, Fortaleza e Belém; iv) os dados apontam para uma tendência de piora nas condições de transporte urbano desde 1992, aumentando os tempos de deslocamento casa-trabalho; no entanto, esta piora tem sido mais intensa entre as pessoas do 1o decil de renda e especialmente entre a população mais rica (entre 7o e 10o decil), diminuindo as diferenças de tempo de viagem entre faixas de renda no período analisado; e v) a diferença do tempo médio gasto nos deslocamentos casa-trabalho entre homens e mulheres diminuiu consideravelmente desde 1992, com pequenas diferenças ainda presentes nos grupos extremos de renda. Observa-se neste trabalho que as tendências observadas no Brasil não seguem necessariamente aquelas observadas em países desenvolvidos. Destaca-se também que análises que se concentram nas tendências nacionais tendem a ocultar importantes diferenças regionais. Sob uma perspectiva de política pública, este texto aponta o potencial de utilização dos dados da PNAD para o monitoramento das condições de mobilidade nas principais regiões metropolitanas do Brasil, uma vez que as variações anuais nos tempos de viagem casa-trabalho podem contribuir para a avaliação dos efeitos de determinadas políticas e investimentos sobre as condições de transporte. This study analyzes trends in average commute times in Brazil between 1992 and 2009. It distinguishes between the nine largest metropolitan areas plus the Federal District of Brasília and describes how differences among these areas vary according to income levels and gender. This paper is based on the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) carried out by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), a source of data hitherto little used for transportation studies in Brazil. PNAD data is not conceived strictly for transport planning but is the only large-scale survey in Brazil with annual information since 1992 on commute time at national and subnational levels (states and metropolitan areas). Five main findings are stressed. First, travel to work trips tend to be 31% longer in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, the two largest metropolitan areas (MAs) in the country, than the in the other MAs. Second, workers in the poorest population segment (1st income decile) spend on average 20% more time on commuting than the wealthiest decile; 19% of the former make home-to-work trips longer than 1 hour against only 11% in the wealthiest group. Third, this gap in commute time between rich and poor is spatially contingent; it is large in Belo Horizonte, Curitiba and Federal District but almost nonexistent in Salvador, Recife, Fortaleza and Belém. Fourth, the data reveal worsening conditions for urban transport since 1992 as reflected in longer average commuting times. However, these worsening conditions have been more pronounced in the 1st income decile and especially the 7th-10th deciles. As a result, the overall differences across income groups have actually weakened during the period 1992-2009. Finally, the gender gap in average commuting times has been reduced considerably over the period considered with only small gaps remaining in the extreme income groups. The present study highlights that trends in average commute times in emerging economies, such as Brazil, need not follow the same trajectories as in the Global North. It also shows the importance of not focusing on national trends only; this will obscure important differences between urban regions. From a policy perspective, the paper shows the usefulness of the PNAD data for monitoring urban mobility conditions in Brazilian major MAs. Yearly variations in commuting time can among others be used to assess the effects of mass transport investments on urban transport conditions.

Suggested Citation

  • Rafael Henrique Moraes Pereira & Tim Schwanen, 2013. "Tempo de Deslocamento Casa - Trabalho no Brasil (1992-2009): Diferenças Entre Regiões Metropolitanas, Níveis de Renda e Sexo," Discussion Papers 1813, Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada - IPEA.
  • Handle: RePEc:ipe:ipetds:1813
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    Cited by:

    1. Motte, Benjamin & Aguilera, Anne & Bonin, Olivier & Nassi, Carlos D., 2016. "Commuting patterns in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. What differences between formal and informal jobs?," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 59-69.
    2. Raul F. C. Miranda & Carolina Grottera & Mario Giampietro, 2016. "Understanding slums: analysis of the metabolic pattern of the Vidigal favela in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 18(5), pages 1297-1322, October.
    3. Brotherhood, Luiz & Cavalcanti, Tiago & Da Mata, Daniel & Santos, Cezar, 2022. "Slums and pandemics," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 157(C).
    4. José Renato Barandier & Milena Bodmer & Izabella Lentino, 2017. "Evidence of the impacts of the national housing programme on the accessibility of the low‐income population in Rio de Janeiro," Natural Resources Forum, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 41(2), pages 105-118, May.
    5. Raul Silveira Neto & Klebson Moura, 2015. "Commuting Time and Urban Violence in Brazil," ERSA conference papers ersa15p757, European Regional Science Association.

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