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Smoothing the lies: Do patent examiners take notice if applicants include citations?

Author

Listed:
  • Azagra-Caro, Joaquín M.
  • Mattsson, Pauline
  • Perruchas, François

Abstract

Patent citations added by examiners are often used indicators of technological impact and knowledge flows, despite various critiques. In this study, we analyse the distribution of examiner patent citations according to patent characteristics, to show their limitations. According to our findings, the number of applicant citations included is dependent on the science-base of the technology. However, this gets masked by the citations added by patent examiners, who smooth the distribution of citations across technology classes and include the same number of citations regardless of whether applicants cite any references. Some researchers have called for the use of applicant rather than examiner patent citations as indicators of technology impact and knowledge flows. Nevertheless, we show that the former also have important caveats, because applicants may increase the number of citations in international patents and when there are co-applicants. The implications are that analysts should consider a context-driven use of citation-based indicators.

Suggested Citation

  • Azagra-Caro, Joaquín M. & Mattsson, Pauline & Perruchas, François, 2010. "Smoothing the lies: Do patent examiners take notice if applicants include citations?," INGENIO (CSIC-UPV) Working Paper Series 201005, INGENIO (CSIC-UPV), revised 06 Jun 2011.
    • Handle: RePEc:ing:wpaper:201005
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    JEL classification:

    • O31 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights - - - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives
    • O33 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights - - - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes
    • O34 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights - - - Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital

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