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Labor Market Reforms and Their Impact on Formal Labor Demand and Job Market Turnover: The Case of Peru

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Author Info
Jaime Saavedra-Chanduví
Máximo Torero

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Abstract

This paper analyzes the effects of several aspects of labor legislation that were modified through successive waves of reform since 1991. Firing costs diminished sharply through the progressive elimination of job security regulations, the introduction of temporary contracts and changes in the severance payment structure. Simultaneously, non-wage labor costs increased. To assess the effect of these changes on the level of formal employment, we estimate labor demand functions. We use a pseudo-panel data set for ten formal sectors observed bimonthly between 1987 and 1997 and panel data sets at the establishment level for three sub-periods. Both at the sector and establishment level, labor costs have a negative and significant effect on labor demand. The coefficient of our measure of firing costs, the expected severance payments, is negative and significant, and its magnitude decreases in the post reform period. After the reforms, the price and output elasticities are larger and there is evidence of a speedier labor demand adjustment. To assess the effect of regulations changes on turnover we use a series of repeated cross sections household surveys for Metropolitan Lima and calculate mean tenure using censored data. We find evidence that mean tenure fell since 1992. The fall is larger and more statistically significant for formal salaried workers than for informal workers. Using censored and complete employment spells from the Peruvian Living Standards Measurement Surveys we compare employment duration data for the formal and informal sectors using empirical hazards and parametric estimations of hazard functions. After the reforms, there is an increase in the hazard function for formal wage earners relative to the hazard function of informal sector wage earners. We find higher hazards for informal, private, temporary and blue-collar workers.

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Paper provided by Inter-American Development Bank, Research Department in its series RES Working Papers with number 3095.

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Date of creation: May 2000
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Handle: RePEc:idb:wpaper:3095

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References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
  1. Eduardo Lora & Carmen Pagés-Serra, 1997. "La legislación laboral en el proceso de reformas estructurales de América Latina y el Caribe," RES Working Papers 4065, Inter-American Development Bank, Research Department. [Downloadable!]
  2. Bentolila, Samuel & Bertola, Giuseppe, 1990. "Firing Costs and Labour Demand: How Bad Is Eurosclerosis?," Review of Economic Studies, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 57(3), pages 381-402, July. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  3. Burgess, Simon M & Dolado, Juan J, 1989. "Intertemporal Rules with Variable Speed of Adjustment: An Application to U.K. Manufacturing Employment," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 99(396), pages 347-65, June. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  4. Kiefer, Nicholas M, 1988. "Economic Duration Data and Hazard Functions," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 26(2), pages 646-79, June. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  5. Bentolila, Samuel & Saint-Paul, Gilles, 1992. "The macroeconomic impact of flexible labor contracts, with an application to Spain," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 36(5), pages 1013-1047, June. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  6. Burgess, Simon & Rees, Hedley, 1996. "Job Tenure in Britain 1975-92," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 106(435), pages 334-44, March. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  7. Burda, Michael C., 1991. "Monopolistic competition, costs of adjustment, and the behavior of European manufacturing employment," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 35(1), pages 61-79, January. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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(explanations, Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.)

  1. Alberto Chong & José Galdo & Jaime Saavedra-Chanduví, 2007. "Informality and Productivity in the Labor Market: Peru 1986 - 2001," RES Working Papers 4526, Inter-American Development Bank, Research Department. [Downloadable!]
  2. Marco Castillo & Ragan Petrie & Maximo Torero, 2008. "Rationality and the Nature of the Market," Experimental Economics Center Working Paper Series 2008-12, Experimental Economics Center, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University. [Downloadable!]
  3. Ñopo, Hugo, 2004. "Matching as a Tool to Decompose Wage Gaps," IZA Discussion Papers 981, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  4. Arias, Omar & Blom, Andreas & Bosch, Mariano & Cunningham, Wendy & Fiszbein, Ariel & Lopez Acevedo, Gladys & Maloney, William & Saavedra, Jaime & Sanchez-Paramo, Carolina & Santamaria, Mauricio & Siga, 2005. "Pending issues in protection, productivity growth, and poverty reduction," Policy Research Working Paper Series 3799, The World Bank. [Downloadable!]
  5. Máximo Torero, 2003. "Peruvian Privatization: Impacts On Firm Performance," RES Working Papers 3173, Inter-American Development Bank, Research Department. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  6. Alberto Chong & José Galdo & Jaime Saavedra-Chanduví, 2007. "Informalidad y Productividad en el Mercado Laboral: Perú 1986-2001 (Informality and Productivity in the Labor Market: Peru 1986 - 2001)," RES Working Papers 4527, Inter-American Development Bank, Research Department. [Downloadable!]
  7. Carmen Pagés-Serra & James J. Heckman, 2000. "El costo de la regulación de la estabilidad laboral: elementos de juicio de los mercados laborales latinoamericanos," RES Working Papers 4228, Inter-American Development Bank, Research Department. [Downloadable!]
  8. Ernesto F. L. Amaral & Daniel S. Hamermesh & Joseph E. Potter & Eduardo L.G. Rios-Neto, 2007. "Demographic Change and the Structure of Wages: A Demand-Theoretic Analysis for Brazil," NBER Working Papers 13533, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  9. Javier Herrera & Gerardo David Rosas Shady, 2005. "Labor Market Transitions in Peru," Ibero America Institute for Econ. Research (IAI) Discussion Papers 109, Ibero-America Institute for Economic Research. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  10. James J. Heckman & Carmen Pages, 2000. "The Cost of Job Security Regulation: Evidence from Latin American Labor Markets," NBER Working Papers 7773, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  11. Bauer, Thomas K. & Bender, Stefan & Bonin, Holger, 2004. "Dismissal protection and worker flows in small establishments," IAB Discussion Paper 200401, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Nürnberg [Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany]. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  12. Joy Mazumdar & Myriam Quispe-Agnoli, 2004. "Can capital-skill complementarity explain the rising skill premium in developing countries? evidence from Peru," Working Paper 2004-11, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta. [Downloadable!]
  13. Jairo Guillermo Isaza Castro & Carlos Arturo Meza Carvajalino, 2004. "La demanda de trabajo:Aspectos teóricos y evidencia empírica para Colombia," SERIE DE DOCUMENTOS EN ECONOMÍA Y VIOLENCIA 002965, CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES EN VIOLENCIA,INSTITUCIONES Y DESARROLLO ECONÓMICO (VIDE). [Downloadable!]
  14. Esteban Puentes & Dante Contreras & Claudia Sanhueza, 2007. "Self-Employment in Chile, long run trends and education and age structures changes," Estudios de Economia, University of Chile, Department of Economics, vol. 34(2 Year 20), pages 203-247, December. [Downloadable!]
  15. Nikita R. Céspedes Reynaga, 2005. "Efectos del Salario Mínimo en el Mercado Laboral Peruano," Working Papers 2005-003, Banco Central de Reserva del Perú. [Downloadable!]
  16. Kaplan, David S., 2008. "Job creation and labor reform in Latin America," Policy Research Working Paper Series 4708, The World Bank. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  17. Giovanna Aguilar & Sílvio Rendon, 2007. "Employment and Deadweight Loss Effects of Observed Non-Wage Labor Costs," IZA Discussion Papers 2856, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  18. Armida Alisjahbana & Muhammad Purnagunawan, 2004. "The Impact of Job Security Regulations on Employment and Hours of Work: Empirical Evidence for Indonesia," Working Papers in Economics and Development Studies (WoPEDS) 200405, Department of Economics, Padjadjaran University, revised Nov 2004. [Downloadable!]
  19. Jaime Saavedra-Chanduví & Máximo Torero, 2002. "Union Density Changes and Union Effects On Firm Performance in Peru," RES Working Papers 3158, Inter-American Development Bank, Research Department. [Downloadable!]
  20. Céspedes, Nikita, 2006. "Efectos del salario mínimo en el mercado laboral peruano," Revista Estudios Económicos, Banco Central de Reserva del Perú, issue 13. [Downloadable!]
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