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Birth Order and Social Outcomes, England, 1680-2024

Author

Listed:
  • Gregory Clark

    (University of Southern Denmark, LSE)

  • Neil Cummins

    (LSE)

Abstract

Children early in the birth order get more parental care than later children. Does this significantly affect their life chances? An extensive genealogy of 428,280 English people 1680-2024, with substantial sets of complete families, suggests that birth order had little effect on social outcomes either for contemporary outcomes, or in earlier centuries. For a small group of elite families in the nineteenth century and earlier, the oldest son was advantaged in terms of wealth, education, and occupational status. But even in this elite group, among later sons, birth order had no effect. We consider in the paper how the absence of birth order effects in England can be reconciled with reports of substantial negative birth order effects for modern Nordic countries.

Suggested Citation

  • Gregory Clark & Neil Cummins, 2024. "Birth Order and Social Outcomes, England, 1680-2024," Working Papers 0254, European Historical Economics Society (EHES).
    • Handle: RePEc:hes:wpaper:0254
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    File URL: https://www.ehes.org/wp/EHES_254.pdf
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Human Capital Formation; Birth Order; Intergenerational Mobility;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • J24 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity
    • J62 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers - - - Job, Occupational and Intergenerational Mobility; Promotion
    • N33 - Economic History - - Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and Philanthropy - - - Europe: Pre-1913
    • N34 - Economic History - - Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and Philanthropy - - - Europe: 1913-

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