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Getting Explicit About the Implicit: A Taxonomy of Implicit Measures and Guide for Their Use in Organizational Research

Author

Listed:
  • Eric Luis Uhlmann

    (GREGH - Groupement de Recherche et d'Etudes en Gestion à HEC - HEC Paris - Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)

  • Keith Leavitt
  • Jochen I. Menges

    (Judge Business School - CAM - University of Cambridge [UK])

  • Michael Howe
  • Russell E. Johnson
  • Joel Koopman

Abstract

Accumulated evidence from social and cognitive psychology suggests that many behaviors are driven by processes operating outside of awareness, and an array of implicit measures to capture such processes have been developed. Despite their potential application, implicit measures have received relatively modest attention within the organizational sciences, due in part to barriers to entry and uncertainty about appropriate use of available measures. The current article is intended to serve as an implicit measurement "toolkit" for organizational scholars, and as such our goals are fourfold. First, we present theory critical to implicit measures, highlighting advantages of capturing implicit processes in organizational research. Second, we present a functional taxonomy of implicit measures (i.e., accessibility-based, association-based, and interpretation-based measures) and explicate assumptions and appropriate use of each. Third, we discuss key criteria to help researchers identify specific implicit measures most appropriate for their own work, including a discussion of principles for the psychometric validation of implicit measures. Fourth, we conclude by identifying avenues for impactful "next-generation" research within the organizational sciences that would benefit from the use of implicit measures.

Suggested Citation

  • Eric Luis Uhlmann & Keith Leavitt & Jochen I. Menges & Michael Howe & Russell E. Johnson & Joel Koopman, 2012. "Getting Explicit About the Implicit: A Taxonomy of Implicit Measures and Guide for Their Use in Organizational Research," Post-Print hal-00743353, HAL.
    • Handle: RePEc:hal:journl:hal-00743353
    DOI: 10.1177/1094428112442750
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    Cited by:

    1. Marshall, Byron & Curry, Michael & Kawalek, Peter, 2015. "Improving IT assessment with IT artifact affordance perception priming," International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, Elsevier, vol. 19(C), pages 17-28.
    2. Julie Hermans & Hendrik Slabbinck & Johanna Vanderstraeten & Jacqueline Brassey & Marcus Dejardin & Dendi Ramdani & Arjen Van Witteloostuijn, 2017. "The Power Paradox: Implicit and Explicit Power Motives, and the Importance Attached to Prosocial Organizational Goals in SMEs," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(11), pages 1-26, November.
    3. Hendrik Slabbinck & Arjen van Witteloostuijn & Julie Hermans & Johanna Vanderstraeten & Marcus Dejardin & Jacqueline Brassey & Dendi Ramdani, 2018. "The added value of implicit motives for management research Development and first validation of a Brief Implicit Association Test (BIAT) for the measurement of implicit motives," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(6), pages 1-29, June.
    4. Wiltermuth, Scott S. & Vincent, Lynne C. & Gino, Francesca, 2017. "Creativity in unethical behavior attenuates condemnation and breeds social contagion when transgressions seem to create little harm," Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 106-126.
    5. Angelo Rosa, 2023. "Organizational Training in Startups: The Incubators Perspective in Turbulent Times," International Journal of Business and Management, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 18(4), pages 1-1, August.
    6. Reynolds, Scott J. & Dang, Carolyn T. & Yam, Kai Chi & Leavitt, Keith, 2014. "The role of moral knowledge in everyday immorality: What does it matter if I know what is right?," Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Elsevier, vol. 123(2), pages 124-137.
    7. Marullo, Cristina & Ahn, Joon Mo & Martelli, Irene & Di Minin, Alberto, 2022. "Open for innovation: An improved measurement approach using item response theory," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 109(C).
    8. Arjen van Witteloostuijn & Marcus Dejardin & Julie Hermans & Dendi Ramdani, & Johanna Vanderstraeten & Jacqueline Brassey & Hendrik Slabbinck, 2015. "Fitting entrepreneurial, firm-level and environmental contingencies for better performance," Post-Print halshs-01379907, HAL.
    9. Braun, Susanne & Peus, Claudia & Frey, Dieter, 2018. "Connectionism in action: Exploring the links between leader prototypes, leader gender, and perceptions of authentic leadership," Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Elsevier, vol. 149(C), pages 129-144.
    10. Liane Ströbel & Iring Koch & Torsten-Oliver Salge & David Antons, 2023. "To stay, remain or leave: how verbal concepts as response options in political referendums such as the Brexit polls might bias voting outcomes," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 10(1), pages 1-11, December.
    11. Keith Leavitt & Lei Zhu & Karl Aquino, 2016. "Good Without Knowing it: Subtle Contextual Cues can Activate Moral Identity and Reshape Moral Intuition," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 137(4), pages 785-800, September.

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