La conjoncture historique actuelle est marquee par le rôle de plus en plus central de la connaissance dans l'organisation de la production et la dynamique du progres technique. Cette evolution souleve plusieurs interrogati ons theoriques, en particulier celle de comprendre si la diffusion et le role moteur du savoir definissent l'ouverture vers un XXIo siecle post-smithien. Cet article s'articule en trois parties. La premiere est consacree a l'originalite de la contribution de Marx, concernant notamment le concept de General Intellect. Dans la deuxieme partie, nous rapprochons l'evolution des principales theories de la croissance des transformations historiques de la division du travail, a partir de l'analyse des postulats fondateurs de l'approche smithienne et jusqu'aux theories post-keynesiennes de la croissance fordiste. Dans la troisieme partie, nous prolongeons ce dialogue entre theorie et histoire, en menant la critique de la theorie de la "croissance endogene" neo-classique.
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