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Public Finance Implications of Population Ageing: An Update

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Author Info
Harriet Jackson
Chris Matier
Abstract

This paper provides an update to the King and Jackson (2000) study, which analysed the fiscal implications of population ageing using a debt-to-GDP projection framework. Since the publication of the original study, there have been a number of important fiscal policy changes implemented by all governments across Canada. As well, the long-term demographic outlook has changed somewhat. The updated paper improves upon the treatment of federal intergovernmental transfers and the methodology used to project nominal GDP. Using a simple projection and accounting framework, this paper analyses the impacts of population ageing on key revenue and program spending categories over the long term, given an approximation of the existing fiscal structures of federal and provincial/territorial governments. The resulting projected net public debt-to-GDP ratio paths are then assessed based on a simple criterion of long-term sustainability. The detailed long-term projections presented in this paper, are not to be regarded as precise fiscal forecasts nor do they represent, in any manner, official government projections. Purely mechanical accounting relationships are used to generate government budget balances and debt-to-GDP ratios over the long term and there is of course considerable uncertainty surrounding the underlying parameter assumptions. Based on our definition of existing fiscal structures and our criterion of long-term fiscal sustainability, most governments are projected to be in a fiscally sustainable position over the long term. However, and more importantly, whether current federal and provincial/territorial fiscal structures will in fact remain in place over the long term is an entirely separate question that is beyond the scope of this paper.

Ce document est une mise à jour de l’étude réalisée par King et Jackson (2000), qui analysait les répercussions financières du vieillissement de la population grâce à un cadre de projection de la dette au PIB. Depuis la publication de la première étude, de nombreux changements fiscaux importants ont été mis en œuvre par tous les gouvernements au Canada. Aussi, les perspectives démographiques à long terme ont quelque peu changé. Cette mise à jour apporte des améliorations en ce qui concerne le traitement des transferts intergouvernementaux fédéraux et la méthode utilisée pour projeter le PIB nominal. Grâce à une projection simple et à un cadre comptable, ce document analyse les répercussions à long terme du vieillissement de la population sur les principales catégories de recettes et de dépenses de programmes, compte tenu d’une approximation des structures fiscales actuelles des gouvernements fédéral et provinciaux et territoriaux. Les trajectoires projetées du ratio de la dette publique nette au PIB sont ensuite évaluées en fonction d’un critère simple de viabilité à long terme. Les projections à long terme détaillées présentées dans ce document ne doivent pas être considérées comme des prévisions financières précises et elles ne représentent pas non plus, de quelque façon que ce soit, des projections officielles du gouvernement. Des rapports comptables purement mécaniques sont utilisés pour établir les soldes budgétaires gouvernementaux et les ratios de la dette au PIB à long terme et les hypothèses des paramètres sous-jacents comportent bien entendu beaucoup d’incertitude. Selon notre définition des structures fiscales actuelles et notre critère de viabilité financière à long terme, la situation financière de la plupart des gouvernements devrait être soutenable à long terme. Toutefois, et ce qui est encore plus important, ce document n’essaie pas de répondre à la question entièrement distincte de savoir si les structures fiscales actuelles des gouvernements fédéral et provinciaux et territoriaux demeureront en place à long terme.

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Paper provided by Department of Finance Canada in its series Working Papers-Department of Finance Canada with number 2003-03.

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