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Empirical Similarity

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Author Info

  • Itzhak Gilboa

    (School of Economics, Tel Aviv University)

  • Offer Lieberman

    (Technion-Israel Institute of Technology)

  • David Schmeidler

    (School of Mathematical Sciences, Tel Aviv Univ.)

Abstract

An agent is asked to assess a real-valued variable Y_{p} based on certain characteristics X_{p} = (X_{p}^{1},...,X_{p}^{m}), and on a database consisting (X_{i}^{1},...,X_{i}^{m},Y_{i}) for i = 1,...,n. A possible approach to combine past observations of X and Y with the current values of X to generate an assessment of Y is similarity-weighted averaging. It suggests that the predicted value of Y, Y_{p}^{s}, be the weighted average of all previously observed values Y_{i}, where the weight of Y_{i}, for every i =1,...,n, is the similarity between the vector X_{p}^{1},...,X_{p}^{m}, associated with Y_{p}, and the previously observed vector, X_{i}^{1},...,X_{i}^{m}. We axiomatize this rule. We assume that, given every database, a predictor has a ranking over possible values, and we show that certain reasonable conditions on these rankings imply that they are determined by the proximity to a similarity-weighted average for a certain similarity function. The axiomatization does not suggest a particular similarity function, or even a particular functional form of this function. We therefore proceed to suggest that the similarity function be estimated from past observations. We develop tools of statistical inference for parametric estimation of the similarity function, for the case of a continuous as well as a discrete variable. Finally, we discuss the relationship of the proposed method to other methods of estimation and prediction.

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File URL: http://cowles.econ.yale.edu/P/cd/d14b/d1486.pdf
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Bibliographic Info

Paper provided by Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University in its series Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers with number 1486.

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Length: 38 pages
Date of creation: Sep 2004
Date of revision:
Publication status: Published in Review of Economics and Statistics (2006), 88(3): 433-444
Handle: RePEc:cwl:cwldpp:1486

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Postal: Yale University, Box 208281, New Haven, CT 06520-8281 USA
Phone: (203) 432-3702
Fax: (203) 432-6167
Web page: http://cowles.econ.yale.edu/
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Postal: Cowles Foundation, Yale University, Box 208281, New Haven, CT 06520-8281 USA

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Keywords: Similarity; estimation;

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References

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  1. Billot, Antoine & Gilboa, Itzhak & Schmeidler, David, 2008. "Axiomatization of an exponential similarity function," Mathematical Social Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 55(2), pages 107-115, March.
  2. Itzhak Gilboa & David Schmeidler, 1992. "Case-Based Decision Theory," Discussion Papers 994, Northwestern University, Center for Mathematical Studies in Economics and Management Science.
  3. Gabrielle Gayer & Itzhak Gilboa & Offer Lieberman, 2004. "Rule-Based and Case-Based Reasoning in Housing Prices," Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers 1493, Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University.
  4. Antoine Billot & Itzhak Gilboa & David Schmeidler, 2004. "An Axiomatization of an Exponential Similarity Function," Levine's Bibliography 122247000000000678, UCLA Department of Economics.
  5. Antoine Billot & Itzhak Gilboa & Dov Samet & David Schmeidler, 2003. "Probabilities: Frequencies Viewed in Perspective," Levine's Bibliography 666156000000000295, UCLA Department of Economics.
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Citations

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Cited by:
  1. Gilboa, Itzhak & Lieberman, Offer & Schmeidler, David, 2011. "A similarity-based approach to prediction," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 162(1), pages 124-131, May.
  2. Jürgen Eichberger & Ani Guerdjikova, 2008. "Multiple Priors as Similarity Weighted Frequencies," Working Papers 0470, University of Heidelberg, Department of Economics, revised Jul 2008.
  3. Eichberger, Jürgen & Guerdjikova, Ani, 2010. "Case-based belief formation under ambiguity," Mathematical Social Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 60(3), pages 161-177, November.
  4. Itzhak Gilboa & Andrew Postlewaite & Larry Samuelson & David Schmeidler, 2012. "Economic Models as Analogies, Third Version," PIER Working Paper Archive 13-007, Penn Institute for Economic Research, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania, revised 27 Jan 2013.
  5. Gilboa, Itzhak & Schmeidler, David, 2010. "Simplicity and likelihood: An axiomatic approach," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 145(5), pages 1757-1775, September.
  6. Itzhak Gilboa & Andrew Postlewaite & Larry Samuelson & David Schmeidler, 2011. "Economic Models as Analogies, Second Version," PIER Working Paper Archive 12-030, Penn Institute for Economic Research, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania, revised 31 Jul 2012.
  7. Itzhak Gilboa, 2009. "Questions in Decision Theory," Levine's Working Paper Archive 814577000000000335, David K. Levine.
  8. Antoine Billot & Itzhak Gilboa & David Schmeidler, 2004. "Axiomatization of an Exponential Similarity Function," Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers 1485, Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University.
  9. George Kapetanios & James Mitchell & Yongcheol Shin, 2010. "A Nonlinear Panel Model of Cross-sectional Dependence," Working Papers 673, Queen Mary, University of London, School of Economics and Finance.
  10. Itzhak Gilboa & Andrew Postlewaite & David Schmeidler, 2007. "Probability and Uncertainty in Economic Modeling, Second Version," PIER Working Paper Archive 08-002, Penn Institute for Economic Research, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania, revised 28 Jan 2008.
  11. Antoine Billot & Itzhak Gilboa & David Schmeidler & Dov Samet, 2004. "Probabilities as Similarity-Weighted Frequencies," Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers 1492, Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University.
  12. Itzhak Gilboa & Offer Lieberman & David Schmeidler, 2007. "On the Definition of Objective Probabilities by Empirical Similarity," Levine's Bibliography 843644000000000363, UCLA Department of Economics.
  13. Mohlin, Erik, 2009. "Optimal Categorization," Working Paper Series in Economics and Finance 721, Stockholm School of Economics, revised 08 Jul 2009.
  14. Gayer, Gabrielle, 2010. "Perception of probabilities in situations of risk: A case based approach," Games and Economic Behavior, Elsevier, vol. 68(1), pages 130-143, January.
  15. I. Gilboa & A. W. Postlewaite & D. Schmeidler., 2009. "Probability and Uncertainty in Economic Modeling," VOPROSY ECONOMIKI, N.P. Redaktsiya zhurnala "Voprosy Economiki", vol. 10.
  16. Antoine Billot & Itzhak Gilboa & David Schmeidler, 2004. "An Axiomatization of an Exponential Similarity Function," Levine's Bibliography 122247000000000678, UCLA Department of Economics.
  17. Ani Guerdjikova & Jürgen Eichberger, 2012. "Ambiguity, Data and Preferences for Information - A Case-Based Approach," THEMA Working Papers 2012-45 Classification-Je, THEMA (THéorie Economique, Modélisation et Applications), Université de Cergy-Pontoise.

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