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Hypergamy Revisited: Marriage in England, 1837-2021

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  • Clark, Gregory
  • Cummins, Neil

Abstract

It is widely believed that women value social status in marital partners more than men, leading to female marital hypergamy, and more female intergenerational social mobility. A recent paper on Norway, for example, reports significant female hypergamy, even today, as measured by parental status of men and women in partnerships. Using evidence from more than 33 million marriages and 67 million births in England and Wales 1837-2022 we show that there was never within this era any period of significant hypergamous marriage by women. The average status of women’s fathers was always close to that of their husbands’ fathers. Consistent with this there was no differential tendency in England of men and women to marry by social status. The evidence is of strong symmetry in marital behaviors between men and women throughout. There is also ancillary evidence that physical attraction cannot have been a very significant factor in marriages in any period 1837-2021, based on the correlation observed in underlying social abilities.

Suggested Citation

  • Clark, Gregory & Cummins, Neil, 2023. "Hypergamy Revisited: Marriage in England, 1837-2021," CEPR Discussion Papers 17914, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    • Handle: RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:17914
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Martin Dribe & Christer Lundh, 2010. "Marriage choices and social reproduction," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 22(14), pages 347-382.
    2. Albert Esteve & Christine R. Schwartz & Jan Bavel & Iñaki Permanyer & Martin Klesment & Joan García-Román, 2016. "The End of Hypergamy: Global Trends and Implications," Population and Development Review, The Population Council, Inc., vol. 42(4), pages 615-625, December.
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    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • J10 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - General
    • J12 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure
    • J16 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
    • J62 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers - - - Job, Occupational and Intergenerational Mobility; Promotion

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