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Deep Learning vs. Gradient Boosting: Benchmarking state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms for credit scoring

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  • Marc Schmitt

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have become vital to remain competitive for financial services companies around the globe. The two models currently competing for the pole position in credit risk management are deep learning (DL) and gradient boosting machines (GBM). This paper benchmarked those two algorithms in the context of credit scoring using three distinct datasets with different features to account for the reality that model choice/power is often dependent on the underlying characteristics of the dataset. The experiment has shown that GBM tends to be more powerful than DL and has also the advantage of speed due to lower computational requirements. This makes GBM the winner and choice for credit scoring. However, it was also shown that the outperformance of GBM is not always guaranteed and ultimately the concrete problem scenario or dataset will determine the final model choice. Overall, based on this study both algorithms can be considered state-of-the-art for binary classification tasks on structured datasets, while GBM should be the go-to solution for most problem scenarios due to easier use, significantly faster training time, and superior accuracy.

Suggested Citation

  • Marc Schmitt, 2022. "Deep Learning vs. Gradient Boosting: Benchmarking state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms for credit scoring," Papers 2205.10535, arXiv.org.
    • Handle: RePEc:arx:papers:2205.10535
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Peter Martey Addo & Dominique Guégan & Bertrand Hassani, 2018. "Credit Risk Analysis using Machine and Deep learning models," Documents de travail du Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne 18003, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (Paris 1), Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne.
    2. Duan, Yanqing & Edwards, John S. & Dwivedi, Yogesh K, 2019. "Artificial intelligence for decision making in the era of Big Data – evolution, challenges and research agenda," International Journal of Information Management, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 63-71.
    3. Gunnarsson, Björn Rafn & vanden Broucke, Seppe & Baesens, Bart & Óskarsdóttir, María & Lemahieu, Wilfried, 2021. "Deep learning for credit scoring: Do or don’t?," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 295(1), pages 292-305.
    4. Shigeyuki Hamori & Minami Kawai & Takahiro Kume & Yuji Murakami & Chikara Watanabe, 2018. "Ensemble Learning or Deep Learning? Application to Default Risk Analysis," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-14, March.
    5. Peter Martey Addo & Dominique Guegan & Bertrand Hassani, 2018. "Credit Risk Analysis using Machine and Deep learning models," Working Papers 2018:08, Department of Economics, University of Venice "Ca' Foscari".
    6. Jon Frost & Leonardo Gambacorta & Yi Huang & Hyun Song Shin & Pablo Zbinden, 2019. "BigTech and the changing structure of financial intermediation," Economic Policy, CEPR, CESifo, Sciences Po;CES;MSH, vol. 34(100), pages 761-799.
    7. Stijn Claessens & Jon Frost & Grant Turner & Feng Zhu, 2018. "Fintech credit markets around the world: size, drivers and policy issues," BIS Quarterly Review, Bank for International Settlements, September.
    8. Marc Andreas Schmitt, 2022. "Deep Learning in Business Analytics: A Clash of Expectations and Reality," Papers 2205.09337, arXiv.org.
    9. Peter Martey Addo & Dominique Guegan & Bertrand Hassani, 2018. "Credit Risk Analysis Using Machine and Deep Learning Models," Risks, MDPI, vol. 6(2), pages 1-20, April.
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    Cited by:

    1. Distaso, Walter & Roccazzella, Francesco & Vrins, Frédéric, 2023. "Business cycle and realized losses in the consumer credit industry," LIDAM Discussion Papers LFIN 2023007, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Finance (LFIN).
    2. Jérémi Assael & Laurent Carlier & Damien Challet, 2023. "Dissecting the Explanatory Power of ESG Features on Equity Returns by Sector, Capitalization, and Year with Interpretable Machine Learning," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-22, March.

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