Capital Failure: Rebuilding Trust in Financial Services

Adam Smith's 'invisible hand' relied on the self-interest of individuals to produce good outcomes. Economists' belief in efficient markets took this idea further by assuming that all individuals are selfish. This belief underpinned financial deregulation, and the theories on incentives and performance which supported it. However, although Adam Smith argued that although individuals may be self-interested, he argued that they also have other-regarding motivations, including a desire for the approbation of others. This book argues that the trust-intensive nature of financial services makes it essential to cultivate such other-regarding motivations, and it provides proposals on how this might be done. Trustworthiness in the financial services industry was eroded by deregulation and by the changes to industry structure which followed. Incentive structures encouraged managers to disguise risky products as yielding high returns, and regulation failed to curb this risk-taking, rent-seeking behaviour. The book makes a number of proposals for reforms of governance, and of legal and regulatory arrangements, to address these issues. The proposals seek to harness values and norms that would reinforce 'other-regarding' behaviour, so that the firms and individuals in the financial services act in a more trustworthy manner. Four requirements are identified which together might secure more strongly trustworthy behaviour: the definition of obligations, the identification of responsibilities, the creation of mechanisms which encourage trustworthiness, and the holding to account of those involved in an appropriate manner. Financial reforms at present lack sufficient focus on these requirements, and the book proposes a range of further actions for specific parts of the financial industry. Contributors to this volume - John Armour, University of Oxford Dan Awrey, University of Oxford Justin O'Brien, University of New South Wales Boudewijn de Bruin, University of Groningen Richard Davies, Council of Economic Advisers Joshua Getzler, University of Oxford Natalie Gold, Kings College London Jeffrey N. Gordon, Columbia Law School Sue Jaffer, Tasman Economics and ACIL Allen Consulting David Kershaw, London School of Economics Susana Knaudt, Financial Regulation Consultant Seumas Miller, Charles Sturt University Nicholas Morris, University of Oxford Onora O'Neill, Equality and Human Rights Commission Thomas Noe, University of Oxford Avner Offer, University of Oxford Edward Sawbridge, Finance Industry Practitioner David Vines, University of Oxford H. Peyton Young, University of Oxford